Patriarchal racism: the convergence of anti-blackness and gender tension on Chinese social media

Constructing ambivalent masculinity and constant femininity in interracial families: Media representations of African-Chinese marriage on Xiaohongshu

“…The Third World Alliance during China’s post-war period was supported by Mao, and the state has continued to promote Sino-African friendship since his time. However, this official discourse, possibly, does not exactly reflect what Chinese residents experience daily (Zhou, 2023). This historical context is recounted by Sautman (1994): The first wave of African students to study in China began in 1960 as a result of a Chinese government initiative to provide fully funded university education to citizens of political allies.…”

“…More generally, despite a rising number of Africans moving to China for education and business opportunities, prejudice has continued. For example, in Guangzhou, the local government has imposed strict measures against African immigrants that have resulted in their mistreatment, displacement, and deportation, in opposition to the goal of strengthening Sino-African relations (Zhou, 2023).…”

“…Despite the increased prominence that interracial marriage has received in social media, the literature review above makes it evident that there is not much research on how interracial marriage is represented in the media. However, media representations play a significant role in how the general population perceives different races (Johnson, 2007; Zhou, 2023). To fill this niche, this study investigates how African-Chinese marriage is represented on Xiaohongshu, an influential social media platform in China, through public comments.…”

“…Interracial marriage involves couples who are from different racial backgrounds (Root, 2001), which is conceptually different from transnational marriage, where couples are from different nations but may share the same racial origin (Briggs, 2003). In recent years, an increasing number of interracial marriages has been seen in Chinese society (de Hart, 2019; Han, 2021), including a growing number of African-Chinese marriages, which has gained great visibility on Chinese social media platforms (Liu and Deng, 2020; Zhou, 2023). For instance, on the social media platform Xiaohongshu, many influencers in African-Chinese interracial marriages are actively engaged, sharing their family lives and posting about relationships between couples or family members, and experiences in raising children.…”

The cultural politics of race in Chinese cinema: Nationalism and the changing representation of whiteness in Big Shot’s Funeral and Crazy Alien

“…As China emerged as a global economic power and an immigrant nation, more and more scholarly attention has been paid to the issue of race and racism in China. In examining the social constructions of different non-Chinese racial categories, such scholarship has primarily focused on blackness, by examining pre-modern Chinese perceptions of blackness (Wilensky, 2002), Sino-Africa relations (Castillo, 2021), the Chinese state's migration policy (Lan, 2015), popular media (Castillo, 2021;Cheng, 2011;Pfafman et al, 2015;Zhou, 2023), African migrants' experiences in China (Castillo, 2014(Castillo, , 2016Lan, 2019;Mathews et al, 2017;Wilczek, 2018), and interracial romance and marriage (Zhou, 2023).…”