Patrinoside and Patrinoside A from Patrinia scabiosaefolia Improve Insulin Resistance by Inhibiting NF-κB, MAPK Pathways and Oxidative Stress in RAW264.7 and 3 T3-L1 Cells

Abstract

Patrinia scabiosaefolia, as traditional food and medicine plant, was used to treat appendicitis, enteritis, and hepatitis for thousand years in China. Patrinoside and patrinoside A isolated from P. scabiosaefolia could significantly improve insulin resistance (IR) by activating PI-3 K/AKT signaling pathway in our previous study. Since IR is closely related to inflammation, their anti-inflammatory activities in RAW264.7 inflammatory model induced by LPS and in 3 T3-L1 IR inflammatory model induced by TNF-α were evaluated to identify whether the effects on improving IR related to anti-inflammatory activity. In RAW264.7 cells, patrinoside and patrinoside A significantly inhibited the transcription and secretion of inflammatory mediators NO, TNF-α, and IL-6. Western blot analysis showed that the significant inhibition of phosphorylation of IκB and P65 and P38, ERK and JNK suggested that the effects were exerted through NF-κB pathway and MAPK pathway. In 3 T3-L1 cells, patrinoside and patrinoside A also inhibited the activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways through inhibiting the transcriptions of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1α. These events resulted in the inhibition of macrophages migration to adipocytes. In addition, patrinoside and patrinoside A ameliorated oxidative stress by inhibiting ROS release in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, patrinoside and patrinoside A could active PI-3 K/AKT pathway, inhibit NF-κB pathway, MAPK pathway, and improve oxidative stress, which showed multipathways on improving IR. These results provided the scientific basis for material basis and mechanism on improving IR of P. scabiosaefolia.

The status and influencing factors of lung ventilation function in employees exposed to dust in enterprises of the XPCC, China

“…As we all know, weight gain results in the diaphragm being pushed upward and fat accumulation, which will cause incomplete lung expansion during inhalation and restricted airflow (60,61). In addition, adipose tissue can secrete various inflammatory factors (62), thereby narrowing airway diameter and impairing lung function (63). Notably, being underweight implies compromised nutritional status, which is associated with lung dysfunction (64).…”

Iridoids and active ones in patrinia: A review

“…Compounds generally affect the GLUT4 translocation and increase glucose uptake by regulating the expression of genes and corresponding proteins associated with insulin signaling pathways, thereby improving T2DM [ 80 ]. For example, compounds 36 and 37 isolated from P. scabra could active PI-3K/AKT pathway, inhibit NF-κB pathway, MAPK pathway, and improve oxidative stress, which showed multipathways on improving IR [ 25 , 57 ]. Compounds 88 and 89 can inhibit the STAT3 promoter activity of HepG2 cells induced by IL-6 [ 65 ].…”

“… Compound Activities Source Ref. 36 Patrinoside Hpyerglycemic P. scabiosaefaolia [ 25 , 57 ] 37 Patrinoside A Hpyerglycemic P. scabiosaefaolia [ 25 , 57 ] 51 Loganin Hpyerglycemic P. villosa [ [48] , [49] , [81] ] 88 7 α -methoxy-morroniside Hpyerglycemic P. scabra [ 65 ] 89 7 β -methoxy-morroniside Hpyerglycemic P. scabra [ 65 ] 92 Morroniside Hpyerglycemic P. villosa [ 47 ] …”