Pattern adaptation and cross-orientation interactions in the primary visual cortex

Carandini, Matteo; Movshon, J. Anthony; Ferster, David

doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00069-0

Cited by 121 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Our finding of orientation and/or spatial frequency tuning for interocular XOM also points to a cortical origin (Hubel and Wiesel, 1959;Maffei and Fiorenti, 1973;Movshon et al, 1978). Further support for this hypothesis comes from our adaptation study, where dichoptic XOM was diminished by mask adaptation, consistent with cortical physiology (Movshon and Lennie, 1979;Albrecht et al, 1984;Carandini et al, 1998). Analogous adaptation experiments at the single-cell level in cat also suggest pre-cortical and cortical involvement for XOS within and between the eyes respectively (Freeman et al, 2002;Li et al, 2005;Sengpiel and Vorobyov, 2005).…”

Section: Cortical and Pre-cortical Sources Of Xossupporting

confidence: 75%

Psychophysical evidence for two routes to suppression before binocular summation of signals in human vision

2007

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Abstract-Visual mechanisms in primary visual cortex are suppressed by the superposition of gratings perpendicular to their preferred orientations. A clear picture of this process is needed to (i) inform functional architecture of image-processing models, (ii) identify the pathways available to support binocular rivalry, and (iii) generally advance our understanding of early vision. Here we use monoptic sine-wave gratings and cross-orientation masking (XOM) to reveal two crossoriented suppressive pathways in humans, both of which occur before full binocular summation of signals. One is a within-eye (ipsiocular) pathway that is spatially broadband, immune to contrast adaptation and has a suppressive weight that tends to decrease with stimulus duration. The other pathway operates between the eyes (interocular), is spatially tuned, desensitizes with contrast adaptation and has a suppressive weight that increases with stimulus duration. When cross-oriented masks are presented to both eyes, masking is enhanced or diminished for conditions in which either ipsiocular or interocular pathways dominate masking, respectively. We propose that ipsiocular suppression precedes the influence of interocular suppression and tentatively associate the two effects with the lateral geniculate nucleus (or retina) and the visual cortex respectively. The interocular route is a good candidate for the initial pathway involved in binocular rivalry and predicts that interocular cross-orientation suppression should be found in cortical cells with predominantly ipsiocular drive.

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Section: Cortical and Pre-cortical Sources Of Xossupporting

confidence: 75%

Psychophysical evidence for two routes to suppression before binocular summation of signals in human vision

2007

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“…More importantly, we find that the adaptation also causes the noise to appear like a specific 3D shape. This appearance occurs because slow recovery of the neural circuits following adaptation causes the population response to be peaked at the orientation orthogonal to the adaptation: that is, aligned with the true orientation field for the shape of interest (35)(36)(37). It is this rebound effect that causes the noise to appear 3D.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of 3D shape from image orientations

Fleming

Holtmann-Rice

Bülthoff

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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One of the main functions of vision is to estimate the 3D shape of objects in our environment. Many different visual cues, such as stereopsis, motion parallax, and shading, are thought to be involved. One important cue that remains poorly understood comes from surface texture markings. When a textured surface is slanted in 3D relative to the observer, the surface patterns appear compressed in the retinal image, providing potentially important information about 3D shape. What is not known, however, is how the brain actually measures this information from the retinal image. Here, we explain how the key information could be extracted by populations of cells tuned to different orientations and spatial frequencies, like those found in the primary visual cortex. To test this theory, we created stimuli that selectively stimulate such cell populations, by "smearing" (filtering) images of 2D random noise into specific oriented patterns. We find that the resulting patterns appear vividly 3D, and that increasing the strength of the orientation signals progressively increases the sense of 3D shape, even though the filtering we apply is physically inconsistent with what would occur with a real object. This finding suggests we have isolated key mechanisms used by the brain to estimate shape from texture. Crucially, we also find that adapting the visual system's orientation detectors to orthogonal patterns causes unoriented random noise to look like a specific 3D shape. Together these findings demonstrate a crucial role of orientation detectors in the perception of 3D shape.shape perception | surface perception | orientation field | complex cells W hen we look at a textured object, the projection of the surface markings into the retinal image compresses them in ways that can indicate the object's 3D shape. This compression has two distinct causes. The first cause is distance-dependent: when a surface patch is moved further away from the eye, the texture shrinks isotropically in the image as a function of the distance. The second cause of compression is foreshortening: when a surface is slanted relative to the line of sight, the texture is anisotropically compressed along the direction of the slant, with greater slant leading to greater compression.It is well known that the visual system can use these texture compression cues to estimate 3D shape (1-9). What is not known, however, is how the visual system measures the compression at each point in the image. A crucial stage in any theory of 3D vision must include an explanation of how the visual system extracts the key information from the image. At present, there is an explanatory gap between the known response properties of cells early in the visual processing hierarchy, which measure local 2D image features (10-16), and cells higher in the processing stream, which respond to various 3D shape properties (17-24). How does the brain put the measurements made in the primary visual cortex (V1) to good use to arrive at an estimate of 3D shape?Estimating the extent and direction of ...

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“…Historically, almost all research on cross-orientation suppression has been in cat area 17, and there have been only a few studies of this phenomenon in macaque V1 (Carandini et al, 1997(Carandini et al, , 1998. Although the properties of neurons in cat area 17 and macaque V1 are known to be similar Wiesel, 1962, 1968), we cannot be certain that all of the results will generalize across the species given the known differences in cortical architecture (Wilson and Cragg, 1967).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Suppression in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex

2006

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The response of a neuron in primary visual cortex (V1) to an optimal stimulus in its classical receptive field (CRF) can be reduced by the presence of an orthogonal mask, a phenomenon known as cross-orientation suppression. The presence of a parallel stimulus outside the CRF can have a similar effect, in this case known as surround suppression. We used a novel stimulus to probe the time course of cross-orientation suppression and found that it is very fast, starting even before the response to optimal excitatory stimuli. However, it occurs with some delay after the offset response, considered to be a measure of the earliest excitatory signals that reach the CRF. We also examined the time course of response to a stimulus presented outside the CRF and found that cross-orientation suppression begins substantially earlier than surround suppression measured in the same cells. Together, these findings suggest that cross-orientation suppression is attributable to either direct feedforward signal paths to V1 neurons or a circuit involving fast local interneurons within V1. Feedback from higher cortical areas is implicated in surround suppression, but our results make this an implausible mechanism for cross-orientation suppression. We conclude that suppression from inside and outside the CRF occur through different mechanisms.

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Pattern adaptation and cross-orientation interactions in the primary visual cortex

Cited by 121 publications

References 46 publications

Psychophysical evidence for two routes to suppression before binocular summation of signals in human vision

Psychophysical evidence for two routes to suppression before binocular summation of signals in human vision

Estimation of 3D shape from image orientations

Dynamics of Suppression in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex

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