“…Refractory plasmonic materials, such as TiN, have gained interest due to their affordability, low work function, exceptional chemical stability, high melting point, wide-spectrum absorption, and compatibility with semiconductor technology. 53,54 While TiN has been used in solar absorbers 29,55 to achieve absorption above 90% and broadband absorption, the nanostructures have a thickness of over 500 nm, necessitating a broadband absorber with a thinner construction. Ultrathin metasurface absorbers reduce recombination losses and fabrication costs, making them more suitable for solar energy conversion.…”