Pattern of Antimicrobial Resistance among Bacterial Isolates from Urogenital Clinical Specimens: A Descriptive Study from the Buea Health District, Cameroon

Abstract

IntroductionAntimicrobial resistance has become a global concern and is particularly affecting developing countries where infectious diseases and poverty are endemic. The effectiveness of currently available antimicrobials is decreasing as a result of increasing resistant strains among clinical isolates.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the resistance pattern of bacterial isolates from different clinical urogenital specimens at different hospitals in the Buea Health District, Cameroon.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted in three hospital laboratories in the Buea Health District, Cameroon, from June to August 2017. All culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test results of patients who presented at each of the laboratories for urine, vaginal swab or urethral swab cultures from January 2012 to December 2016 were included in the study. Data were analysed using SPSS Windows version 20.0. The comparisons between different isolates’ resistance to antimicrobials were performed using the chi-square test. The difference in the resistance of urogenital isolates to various antimicrobials within different years was also compared by the chi-square test.ResultsA total of 423 bacterial isolates were obtained from clinical urogenital specimens such as: urine 93 (21.9%), vaginal swab 175 (41.4%) and urethral swab cultures 155 (36.6%). The predominant bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus spp. 320 (75.5%), Escherichia coli 37 (8.7%) and Enterococcus spp. 24 (5.7%). All the isolates showed significantly high resistance rates to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (67.6% resistant rate, p = 0.025), but most isolates, except those of Staphylococcus, were relatively more susceptible to nitrofurantoin (82.6% susceptibility rate, p = 0.045). However, Staphylococcus spp. was more susceptible to ceftriaxone (91.0% susceptibility rate, p < 0.0001) and cefotaxime (74.4% susceptibility rate, p = 0.034). Generally, most of the isolates showed significantly rising rates of resistance to the majority of the antimicrobials tested from 2012 to 2017.ConclusionOur findings showed a progressively rising rate of antimicrobial resistance in urogenital bacterial isolates over the last 5 years in the Buea Health District. Thus, uncontrolled and irrational use or prescription of these drugs should be avoided to maintain low resistance of highly susceptible antimicrobials.

High prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in Congolese students

“…Routine AMR monitoring in small cohort studies such as these is equally important to understand the actual burden of AMR in the community. For the present study, antibiotics that have been studied previously for antimicrobial resistance in the Central African region were selected (Akoachere et al, 2012;Amin et al, 2018;Lupindu, 2018).…”

Antimicrobial Resistance in the Central African Region: A Review

“…The adapted PRISMA flow diagram as shown in Figure 1 presents the inclusion and exclusion process. It worthy to note that, out of the 30 studies that were included for this review, seven of the studies were carried out in Cameroon [10,[19][20][21][22][23][24], 6 in the Democratic Republic of Congo [25][26][27][28][29][30], 5 in Gabon [31][32][33][34][35], 4 in Central Africa…”

“…Available data shows that the Central African Region shares the worldwide trend of increasing drug resistance [8,9] with resistance being reported for every major class of antibiotic in both community and health-care settings. The emergence, persistence and transmission of AMR patterns in developing countries have been growing as a result of a myriad of factors; genetic capabilities of pathogens, high burden of microbial infections, lack of monitoring of antimicrobial resistance [3,10,11].…”

The Detection Rate of Antibioticresistant Variants of Microorganisms–Causative Agents of Infectious Processes in Selected Habitats of the Urogenital Tract of Patients of Different Age and Sex

“…Нераціональна антибіотикотерапія істотно змінює біологічні властивості мікроорганізмів і сприяє формуванню популяцій антибіотикорезистентних варіантів. Отже, тригером до зниження генітальної патології є створення належного моніторингу, ефективної системи профілактики та адекватного лікування хіміотерапевтичними препаратами [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

“…Отримані дані корелюють з результатами досліджень авторів Yusuf EO, et al та Amin ET, et al, що відмічали найвищі рівні прояву стійкості у клінічних ізолятів уропатогенних мікроорганізмів до антибіотичних препаратів класів: тетрациклінидо 50,0%, цефалоспоринидо 45,0%, фторхінолонидо 30,0%, монобактамидо 25,0%, макролідидо 25,0%, амфеніколидо 25,0%, лінкозамідидо 20,0%, сульфаніламідидо 15,0%, пеніцилінидо 15,0%, аміноглікозидидо 10,0% та найменші рівні встановлено до нітрофуранів, оксалідонів, глікопептидів, карбопенемівдо 5,0% випадків [11,12].…”