Pattern of tobacco use among the Iranian adult population: results of the national Survey of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD-2007)

Abstract

BackgroundPrevious studies report on smoking in Iran but recent national data on tobacco use (including cigarette, water-pipe and pipe) have not been reported.MethodsIn 2007, 5287 Iranians aged 15–64 years were sampled from all provinces as part of a national cross-sectional survey of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors. Data were collected using the standardised stepwise protocol for NCD risk factor surveillance of the World Health Organization. Use of tobacco products was calculated as the sum of smoking cigarettes/cigars (smoking currently or daily any amount of factory/hand-made cigarettes or cigars), pipes (daily) and water pipes (daily).ResultsTotal current and daily tobacco use was 14.8% (burden 7.3 million) and 13.7% (burden 6.7 million) when extrapolated to the Iranian population aged 15–64. The prevalence of current and daily cigarette smoking was 12.5% (6.1 million; 23.4% males and 1.4% females) and 11.3% (5.6 million; 21.4 males and 1.4 females); former smokers comprised 1.7 million or 3.4% of the Iranian population (6.2% males and 0.6% females; mean cessation age 34.1). The mean age of starting to smoke was 20.5 years (24.2 males and 20.4 females). The prevalence of water-pipe smoking was 2.7% (burden 1.3 million; 3.5% males and 1.9% females). Water-pipe smokers used the water-pipe on average 3.5 times a day (2.8 males and 4.5 females).ConclusionThe prevalence of tobacco use has not escalated over the past two decades. Nonetheless, the burden is high and therefore warrants preventive public health policies.

Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Related Factors in Birjand, Iran During Year 2014

“…The result of our study showed that the prevalence of cigarette smoking was about 9% in Birjand, Iran. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was lower than similar studies from Iran (8,14,15). Although, Kazemi et al indicated that smoking prevalence was 3.9% between nurses in Birjand, east of Iran (16).…”

Prevalence of asthma symptoms and smoking behavior among 20 - 44 years old adults in Tehran: A telephone survey

“…It is estimated that there are about 4 million death due to smoking in the world and it is going to rise to 8.4 million death per year by 2020, and 66% of them will be in developing countries [20]. In our study prevalence of smoking was 11.9% (10.1% men vs. 1.8% women) which in comparison to results of national survey of non communicable disease in Iran (14.8% overall, 26.1% men, 3.2% women) is lower because we categorized people who had smoked water pipe in a different group [21]. In Uromia (a province in North West of Iran), prevalence of smoking was 3.6% in women and 30.5% in men [22].…”

“…However according to national survey of non communicable disease in Iran; water pipe is the most form of tobacco use in Iranian women and they may not use it regularly but in many occasions [21]. As it shown in Table 3 water pipe smoking has a significant relationship with "wheezing", which may alert us about upcoming asthma symptoms in water pipe smokers in next few years.…”

Hookah Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Public Health Challenge

“…In a survey of 235 hookah users, 58.3% believed that hookah was less harmful than cigarette smoking (7)(8)(9). It has been shown that in a single hookah smoking session (typically 15 g of tobacco for 45 minutes), smokers were exposed to three to nine times more carbon monoxide (CO) and 1.7 times more nicotine in comparison to cigarette smoking.…”