Pattern perception in infants: Effects of structure and transformation

Humphrey, G. Keith; Humphrey, Diane; Muir, Darwin W.; Dodwell, P. C.

doi:10.1016/0022-0965(86)90055-x

Cited by 22 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In addition, "good" forms have been shown to attract more attention and to be encoded more rapidly than "poor" forms in 4-montholds (Humphrey & Humphrey, 1989;Humphrey et a!., 1986;Younger & Gotlieb, 1988). Moreover, discrimination performance between pairs of"good" forms has been found to be superior to discrimination performance between pairs of "poor" forms in infants of the same age range (Humphrey et a!., 1986), a finding that is consistent with an anchor effect in the psychological space around "good" forms. However, the physical difference between the pairs of "good" forms was not equivalent to that between the pairs of "poor" forms, thus leaving open the question of whether discriminability-related reference point effects will occur when physical distances between pairs of "good" and "poor" forms are kept constant.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…suit in greater initial looking times during the first part of the familiarization phase (Bornstein, 1978;Humphrey & Humphrey, 1989). Second, on the assumption that "good" gestalts are processed (i.e., encoded) more efficiently than "poor" gestalts, one would expect that the rate of habituation would be faster for "good" gestalts, relative to "poor" gestalts and to distortions of both "good" and "poor" gestalts (Humphrey et a\., 1986). Third, if "good" gestalts function as anchors or magnets in a domain, one would expect overall superior or inferior discrimination performance (i.e., higher or lower novelty preference scores) in the "good" gestalt discrimination task, as compared with the "poor" gestalt discrimination task (Acker et a\., 1995;Kuhl, 1991).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, reference points may possess preferred perceptual properties that cause them to be attended to a greater degree than other members of a domain (Bornstein, 1978;Humphrey & Humphrey, 1989). Second, reference points may be encoded more efficiently into memory than other members of a domain (Bell & Handel, 1976;Bornstein, Ferdinandsen, & Gross, 1981;Clement & Varnadoe, 1967;Harris, LeTendre, & Bishop, 1974;Heider, 1972;Humphrey, Humphrey, Muir, & Dodwell, 1986;Quinn & Eimas, 1998;Quinn, Siqueland, & Bomba, 1985). Third, and of significant interest in the present study, reference points contrast with other members of a domain to a greater or a lesser degree than other members do with each other and may function as either…”

Section: Perceptual Reference Points For Form and Orientation In Younmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…perceptual anchors or magnets (Acker, Pastore, & Hall, 1995;Humphrey et a!., 1986;Kuhl, 1991). An anchor effect is present when there is increased discriminability and presumed expansion of the psychological space around the reference point, whereas a magnet effect is present when there is decreased discriminability and presumed shrinkage of psychological space around the reference point.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Perceptual reference points for form and orientation in young infants: Anchors or magnets?

Quinn

2000

Perception & Psychophysics

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In some domains, certain stimuli are especially salient and efficiently encoded and are referred to as reference points. One current issue concerns whether reference points are associated with regions of increased or decreased discriminability and function as either perceptual anchors or magnets. In two experiments utilizing the familiarization/novelty-preference procedure, the question of whether 3-to 4-month-old infants' representations of form and orientation information are structured by perceptual reference points and whether such reference points serve as anchors or magnets is examined. In Experiment 1, infants displayed above-chance discrimination performance for pairs of form stimuli that were equivalently distinct on a physical basis, but only when one member of each pair was a "good" form (Le., diamond, square, or triangle). In Experiment 2, infants displayed above-chance discrimination performance for pairs of stimuli differing by 7.5" of orientation, but only when one member of each pair was either horizontal or vertical. The combined results from the two experiments suggest that "simple" gestalts and main axes (Le., horizontal and vertical) serve as perceptual anchors in young infants' representations of form and orientation information.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perceptual Reference Points For Form and Orientation In Younmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perceptual reference points for form and orientation in young infants: Anchors or magnets?

Quinn

2000

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Van Giffen & Haith, 1984;Humphrey et al, 1986;Ghim, 1990;Quinn et al, 1993). However, to our knowledge, no prior study has examined whether infants are sensitive to a change in a single element in a pattern that comprised a good form versus one that comprised a poor form.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Figural goodness, stimulus heterogeneity, similarity and object segregation in infancy

Bertin

Bhatt

2001

Developmental Science

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The segregation of objects from other objects in visual arrays is a fundamental function of our visual system. Research suggests that adults' detection of a target among nontargets is affected by the heterogeneity of array elements and the resulting changes in target± nontarget and nontarget ±nontarget similarities. We examined the effects of heterogeneity and similarity on object segregation in infancy. In Experiment 1, 5.5-month-olds detected a misoriented element in an array when the array elements were spatially arranged in a`good' configuration but not when they were arranged in à poor' configuration. In Experiment 2, infants detected a vertical line in a homogeneous array of 55 or 125 lines, but failed to do so in a heterogeneous array of 55 and 125 lines. Thus, heterogeneity in both the arrangement and identity of array elements affected infants' discrepancy detection. Because the average target±nontarget similarity was the same in the two conditions of Experiment 2, the results also indicated that nontarget ±nontarget similarity independently affects discrepancy detection in infancy. These results are consistent with models of object segregation by adults, and suggest that stimulus heterogeneity and similarity have analogous effects on object segregation at 5.5 months of age and in adulthood.

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Development of spatial integration depends on top-down and interhemispheric connections that can be perturbed in migraine: a DCM analysis

2014

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In humans, spatial integration develops slowly, continuing through childhood into adolescence. On the assumption that this protracted course depends on the formation of networks with slowly developing top-down connections, we compared effective connectivity in the visual cortex between 13 children (age 7-13) and 14 adults (age 21-42) using a passive perceptual task. The subjects were scanned while viewing bilateral gratings, which either obeyed Gestalt grouping rules [colinear gratings (CG)] or violated them [non-colinear gratings (NG)]. The regions of interest for dynamic causal modeling were determined from activations in functional MRI contrasts stimuli > background and CG > NG. They were symmetrically located in V1 and V3v areas of both hemispheres. We studied a common model, which contained reciprocal intrinsic and modulatory connections between these regions. An analysis of effective connectivity showed that top-down modulatory effects generated at an extrastriate level and interhemispheric modulatory effects between primary visual areas (all inhibitory) are significantly weaker in children than in adults, suggesting that the formation of feedback and interhemispheric effective connections continues into adolescence. These results are consistent with a model in which spatial integration at an extrastriate level results in top-down messages to the primary visual areas, where they are supplemented by lateral (interhemispheric) messages, making perceptual encoding more efficient and less redundant. Abnormal formation of top-down inhibitory connections can lead to the reduction of habituation observed in migraine patients.

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Pattern perception in infants: Effects of structure and transformation

Cited by 22 publications

References 34 publications

Perceptual reference points for form and orientation in young infants: Anchors or magnets?

Perceptual reference points for form and orientation in young infants: Anchors or magnets?

Figural goodness, stimulus heterogeneity, similarity and object segregation in infancy

Development of spatial integration depends on top-down and interhemispheric connections that can be perturbed in migraine: a DCM analysis

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