Pattern Unifies Autism

Crespi, Bernard J.

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.621659

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Motor repetitions in autism are an alternative phenotype which has adaptive and functional consequences: fueling trial-and-error tinkering which could lead to inventions, i.e., novel, useful configurations of objects. This hypothesis is consistent with the proposed mechanism of heterochrony ( 11 ), and is complementary to other theories which take a strength-based approach to autism ( 8 , 19 ). This hypothesis helps explain similarities between motor repetitions and circumscribe interests, illuminates parents' observations of their child's motor repetitions [e.g., ( 30 )], and has heuristic value in providing ideas for therapists to introduce flexibility into the motor routines of minimally verbal children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Crespi ( 19 ) proposes that what is common across diverse autistic symptoms is the concept of pattern. For example, pattern seeking leads to high systemizing and interest in STEM disciplines.…”

Section: Evaluating “Motor Tinkering For Trial-and-error Discovery”mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the umbrella category of restricted/repetitive behaviors include sensory aversion, sensory seeking, and behavioral inflexibility (insistence on sameness). I believe these behaviors require a different explanation [see ( 19 ) for a unified approach]. For example, auditory and olfactory acuity were adaptive in the ancestral environment when humans seeking shelter needed to determine if a predator was in a cave ( 10 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Explanation for Repetitive Motor Behaviors in Autism: Facilitating Inventions via Trial-and-Error Discovery

Caldwell‐Harris

2021

Front. Psychiatry

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Evaluating “Motor Tinkering For Trial-and-error Discovery”mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Explanation for Repetitive Motor Behaviors in Autism: Facilitating Inventions via Trial-and-Error Discovery

Caldwell‐Harris

2021

Front. Psychiatry

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“…Due to the complex problems faced by people with ASD, it is important to conduct further research on this subject. However, despite the considerable progress made in the field of knowledge about therapy in ASD, there are still many systemic and organizational problems that need to be solved in order to improve the diagnosis and therapy of autism (43,44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selected Methods of Therapeutic Interactions With People With Mild Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2022

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In this review we present the behavioral aspects of interaction in people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), taking into account some aspects of pharmacotherapy. In the treatment of people with ASD, an individual approach to emotional, social and cognitive functioning is very important. The specificity of symptoms and their severity in people with ASD results from deficits/disfunction of various areas of the brain and is associated with different levels of intelligence. This manuscript considers selected methods of interaction with ASD patients with normal IQ. Due to the different ways of functioning, these people often find it difficult to adapt to social expectations. The most important thing is to understand their perception of themselves and the world around them in order to support them in coping with the daily challenges. Due to the increasing problem, more and more attention is being focused on early detection of ASD, what allows to intervene as fast as possible and in consequence affect the quality of life of people with this dysfunctions. However, participants with mild autism symptoms are still difficult to diagnose in the practice. The effectiveness of the therapy depends largely on the cooperation of educational institutions. It is also necessary to contact specialist clinics, including a mental health counseling center. However, in the case of children and adolescents, the cooperation between the therapist and their parents is the basis. Systemic family therapy is also important in adults with ASD. An overview of the methods of therapeutic interactions in ASD, what may be helpful in diagnosing of mild ASD, were presented in our manuscript.

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“…Each of Kanner's hallmarks can be connected with one or more specific autism-associated traits from more-recent studies, and, taken together, these can all be linked with core theories for understanding autism (Figure 1 ). In principle, Kanner's hallmarks should also be underlain by differences, between individuals with and without autism, in neurological traits that jointly subserve human abilities in the domains that are shared by these theories, especially as regards enhanced motivation toward, and recognition and processing of, non-social information as found in patterns, systems, and integrated structures ( 34 , 39 , 41 , 42 ).…”

Section: Social Deficits Autism and Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

The hallmarks of autism

Crespi

2022

Front. Psychiatry

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I suggest that the current study of autism is problematic, due to: (1) its failure to pursue a medical model of disease causation, with protocols for differential diagnoses of causes; (2) a notable incidence of unrecognized false positive diagnoses in children; (3) the conceptual equating of autism with sets of traits that have been shown to be genetically and phenotypically unrelated to one another; and (4) the expansion of use of the terms “autism” and “autism traits” to psychiatric conditions that have no substantive etiological or symptomatic overlap with autism. These problems can be alleviated by, like Kanner, considering autism as a syndrome, a constellation of traits, conceptualized as differences rather than deficits, some set of which is found in each affected individual to some degree. The original, prototypical form of autism can be delineated based on the “hallmarks” of autism: a set of core traits, originally explicated by Kanner, that defines a relatively-homogeneous group, and that connects with the larger set of autism symptoms. The hallmarks of autism provide a touchstone for research that is unambiguous, historically continuous to the present, and linked with major theories for explaining the causes and symptoms of autism. Use of the hallmarks of autism does not impact recognition and treatment of individuals with DSM diagnosed autism, or individuals with the many disorders that involve social deficits. This perspective is compatible with the research domain criteria approach to studying autism, via analyses of autism's constituent traits and the differential diagnosis of its individual-specific causes.

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Pattern Unifies Autism

Cited by 19 publications

References 59 publications

An Explanation for Repetitive Motor Behaviors in Autism: Facilitating Inventions via Trial-and-Error Discovery

An Explanation for Repetitive Motor Behaviors in Autism: Facilitating Inventions via Trial-and-Error Discovery

Selected Methods of Therapeutic Interactions With People With Mild Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

The hallmarks of autism

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