Patterned Photonic Array Based on an Intertwined Polymer Network Functionalized with a Nonenzymatic Moiety for the Visual Detection of Glucose

Abstract

A patterned photonic array chip based on an intertwined polymer network (IPN) is proposed for the visual detection of glucose. The IPN networks are composed of photonic and poly­(acrylic acid) (PAA) networks. Aminophenylboronic acid, as a nonenzymatic glucose-responsive moiety that can covalently bond to glucose at alkaline pH, forming tetragonal complexes, is immobilized in the PAA network; in hydrogels, this bonding generates Donnan osmotic pressure, resulting in a volumetric increase of the photonic IPN and reflected color change. The photonic band gap wavelength linearly increases with the glucose concentration (in the 1–12 mM range), with a limit of detection of 0.35 mM. The dots of the photonic IPN array respond independently, with high sensitivity and stability, to glucose via color changes; different glucose levels, from hypo- to hyperglycemia, can be visually detected in this way. Serum samples spiked with different glucose concentrations were tested for practical evaluation of the chip. The proposed chip could be utilized as a new biosensor platform for cost-effective and easy visual detection in remote areas, without the need of advanced instruments or technology.

Recent Applications of Point-of-Care Devices for Glucose Detection on the Basis of Stimuli-Responsive Volume Phase Transition of Hydrogel

“…it is also feasible to incorporate another hydrogel into the existed hydrogel network through secondary polymerization to form the intertwined polymer networks (IPNs), as shown in Fig. 1c [19].…”

“…c Illustration of the preparation of IPNs hydrogel (reprinted with permission from Ref. [19]) a more consistent active surface, thus improve the catalytic efficiency and avoid loss [24]. For higher activity, on the one hand, increase the available covalent bonding sites by introducing some monomers rich in -NH 2 and -COOH via 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) by forming amide bonds between the amine groups and carboxyl groups [25][26][27][28][29] or glutaraldehyde via covalent attachment to amino-actived polymers [30][31][32][33][34]; on the other hand, increase the specific surface area using microcapsules as Fig.…”

“…In addition, based on IPNs, Munir et al used cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) as the "substrate", polymerized the AA monomer network to prepare INPs-type HCPCs, achieved significant visible color change from green to red and simultaneously nine samples detection due to the difference of hydrophilicity between microwell and periphery (Fig. 7e) [19]; furthermore, Li et al combined two stimuli-responsive hydrogels to prepare PNIPAM/PAA IPNs HCPCs, which could Fig. 7 Mechanism of VPT-based colorimetric detection.…”

“…e Multiple samples detection in parallel based on photonic IPNs array (reprinted with permission from Ref. [19]). f The improved working condition in a very wide range based on IPNs nanogels (reprinted with permission from Ref.…”

A novel aggregation-induced enhanced emission aromatic molecule: 2-aminophenylboronic acid dimer

“…They selectively and reversibly bind with 1,2-or 1,3-diols by the boronic acid groups, and are vital recognition receptors for biomolecules with cis−diol structure 26,27 such as saccharides and glycoproteins. Therefore, APBAs have been widely used as building blocks for many saccharide and glycosylated biomolecule-involved applications, [28][29][30] such as sensing, separation, targeting drug delivery and biological imaging. APBAs are also one of the best building blocks for the construction of organized architectures with dynamic covalent functionality.…”