Patterning/Clustering of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): The Indian Scenario

Prevalence of child maltreatment in India and its association with gender, urbanisation and policy: a rapid review and meta-analysis protocol

“… 74 First, the initial search terms were developed with reference to seminal works or major publications of child maltreatment and early childhood adversity in India. 9 26 47 75 The review then used the MeSH terms and keywords documented ( table 1 ) and were further enhanced by the search strategy from a systematic review conducted on CSA in Indian children. 22 These were further validated with input from an expert advisory panel in the field of systematic reviews and ACEs in India ( online supplemental appendix 1 ).…”

“… 7 8 Research on early childhood adversity and consequences has been limited in India, including a lack of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. 9 These adversities such as abuse or neglect, along with associated habits such as underage smoking or drinking, formed in childhood, have been linked to a range of poor physical and mental health outcomes throughout the life course and ultimately greater premature mortality. 10 These adversities and consequent health inequalities can be exacerbated by socioeconomic status and poverty, urbanisation (rural areas or slum areas compared with urban zones) or even caste.…”

“…Previous research has demonstrated that experiences of child maltreatment rarely occur in isolation and in fact, have a tendency to cluster. 9 Community-based studies have reported the prevalence and overlap of childhood sexual, physical and emotional abuse, but in India this has been limited. Choudhry et al ’s 22 systematic review focused on one aspect of child maltreatment: CSA, and was seminal work in detailing the high prevalence rates of CSA in Indian children.…”

“…A few recent studies have been able to identify the prevalence of ACEs in specific communities. 22 Damodaran and Paul 9 compiled data on ACEs and specifically, child maltreatment in youth based in Kerala (South India) and reported that in a sample of 600 young people, 91% had reported at least one ACE and over half the population reported three or more ACEs. However, in terms of severity, males reported exposure to more severe child maltreatment than females such as physical and sexual abuse.…”

Microbes From Coffee Pulp Waste and Their Pectinolytic Enzyme Activity for Biodegradation

“…From the point of view of the total energy input going into coffee cultivation, including the cost of the land, the utilization of byproducts will make the whole process more efficient. Coffee pulp is rich in carbohydrates, protein, minerals, pectin and tannin which favours the rapid growth of microorganisms [9]. Coffee pulp and husk are the major contributors of environmental pollution from the coffee estates [1,5].…”