Patterning: Principles and Some New Developments

Geißler, Matthias; Xia, Yongqing

doi:10.1002/adma.200400835

Cited by 608 publications

(475 citation statements)

References 435 publications

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“…However, three-dimensional (3D) metal porous anode with fine and single pore size have been seldom studied in MFC. 3D printing recently draws lots of attention as a unique fabrication technique, allowing one to precisely create sophisticated and low-cost structures and devices (Geissler and Xia, 2004). Metallic structures, especially ultra-light cellular metals with controllable and fine pore sizes and excellent electrical properties, have been widely developed via 3D printing according to people's specific requirements Wang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of 3D Printed Porous Copper Anode in Microbial Fuel Cells

Bian

Wang

et al. 2018

Front. Energy Res.

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In this study, 3D printing technique was utilized to fabricate three-dimensional porous electrodes for microbial fuel cells with UV curable resin, followed by copper electroless plating. A maximum voltage of 62.9 ± 2.5 mV and a power density of 6.45 ± 0.5 mWm −2 were achieved for MFCs with 3D printed porous copper (3D-PPC) anodes, which were 8.3-and 12.3-fold higher than copper mesh electrodes, respectively. This illustrated the great advantage of 3D porous anodes in MFCs compared to flat anode structures. Besides, the biocompatibility of the copper anode with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was examined by comparing with carbon cloth, which produced a 3-fold larger maximum voltage and a ∼10-fold higher power density vs. 3D-PPC anodes and thus indicated the possible copper corrosion during MFC operation. ICP-MS analysis of MFC solution revealed the high concentration of 732 ± 27.1 µg/L copper ions detected in the MFC effluent. This result, coupled with EDX showing the lower copper content on the 3D-PPC anode surface after >15 days of MFC operation, confirmed the copper dissolving behavior in MFC. MR-1 biofilm formation under copper suppression was finally characterized by SEM and less biofilm was observed on copper anodes, illustrating their poor biocompatibility, even though 3D printing technology and porous structures were quite promising for future scale-up.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of 3D Printed Porous Copper Anode in Microbial Fuel Cells

Bian

Wang

et al. 2018

Front. Energy Res.

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“…Ink molecules can be used for direct writing of a desired material, and the tip can be a tool both for additive and subtractive processes [19]. These methods combine the high resolution of lithography and ease of patterning of direct writing technologies, and have been applied to biological applications [20].…”

Section: Review Of 3d Structuring Technologies At the Micro/nanoscalementioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid 3D printing by bridging micro/nano processes

Yoon

Jang

Kim

et al. 2017

J. Micromech. Microeng.

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The aim of this work was to develop a novel hybrid manufacturing method for nanoscale three-dimensional (3D) printing with multi-material capabilities. 3D structuring methods at the micro/nanoscale are major goals of various engineering fields, and much work has been carried out to improve the minimum feature size, geometrical complexity, and material selection. With the aim of nanoscale multimaterial printing, a hybrid process was reported with an integrated nanoparticle deposition system (NPDS) and focused ion beam (FIB) system; however this process has limitations in terms of surface roughness and control over the layer thickness, as well as with the process scale, and furthermore, lack of sacrificial layers.In this dissertation, a novel hybrid process is described, which combines aerodynamically focused nanoparticle (AFN) printing, micro-machining and focused ion beam (FIB) milling. AFN printing is based on NPDS, and micromachining was used for local planarization. In addition to these processes, spincoating was used to fabricate sacrificial layers. By bridging these different II micro/nanoscale processes, the resulting hybrid process can address the limitations of the individual processes.To create the hybrid process, each process was investigated to enable compatibility. With the AFN printing system, the surface morphology of a detached substrate was observed, and the bonding mechanism between the substrate and nanoparticles was investigated. A novel printing strategy was identified to reduce the scale of the process. With the micro-machining system, different tool geometries were investigated. Complex geometries inspired by conventional-scale tools were implemented on the micro-scale, and their effects were investigated. With the FIB system, material re-deposition phenomena were investigated to reduce defects that occur during ion sputtering. A novel path-generation strategy was identified and investigated for different scanning paths.Process capability is discussed using fabrication examples and functional applications. The novel hybrid process represents a significant advance in the state of the art, and enables far improved process scales or dimensional degree of freedom, without losing the advantages of broad choice of materials.3D-pinted micro bi-material cantilevers were fabricated as a thermal actuator.The mechanical and thermal properties of the structure were investigated using an in-situ measurement system, and irregular thermal phenomena were analyzed. It is expected that these in-situ measurements of the 3D printed microstructure will contribute to materials research.Various 3D structures can be fabricated using the process described here from a range of metal/ceramic inorganic materials, including polymers. In particular, it is expected that the process will contribute to the area of customized nanoscale structuring, with potential applications in medical treatments. It is also expected that this work will contribute to further improvements in manufacturing technology by combining different m...

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Scanning probe techniques such as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) [3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and nanografting [13,14] are extremely useful since they allow one to make nanostructures from a wide variety of different chemical compositions. In the case of DPN, despite significant advances in parallelization, [2,[15][16][17] it is still challenged for certain applications with regard to throughput, especially when compared to lower resolution contact printing methods.…”

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confidence: 99%

Topographically Flat, Chemically Patterned PDMS Stamps Made by Dip‐Pen Nanolithography

et al. 2008

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Flexible nanolithographic and printing methods are essential tools in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. [1][2][3][4][5] Scanning probe techniques such as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) [3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and nanografting [13,14] are extremely useful since they allow one to make nanostructures from a wide variety of different chemical compositions. In the case of DPN, despite significant advances in parallelization, [2,[15][16][17] it is still challenged for certain applications with regard to throughput, especially when compared to lower resolution contact printing methods. Indeed, microcontact printing (μCP) has emerged as a "bench-top" technique for preparing patterns of various active structures in a massively parallel manner. [18][19][20] In conventional μCP, a soft elastomer stamp (typically polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) with relief structures predefined by photo-or e-beam lithography is brought into contact with a substrate, where the ink is transferred from the stamp to the substrate surface at the area of contact.[21] PDMS has a Young's Modulus of 1 MPa, which is soft enough to make conformal contact with planar or nonplanar surfaces to facilitate ink transfer. However, since the relief structures are separated by air voids in the stamp, the mechanical instability (pairing, sagging, etc.) of the stamp deriving from the "soft" nature of PDMS, has been a major limitation for a variety of applications in μCP.[5,22,23] The volatility of the inks and their diffusion properties on a surface also can be limiting factors when printing small features (Scheme 1).[24] Although many solutions have been suggested to address both mechanical and ink-transport issues, such as using harder elastomers [25,26] and establishing control over printing time, [27] the lateral resolution of printed features and the design of such stamps are still limited to ~150 nm (in terms of alkanethiols) and a ~1/20 filling factor, respectively. [23,28] Herein, we report how one can use DPN to prepare a stamp for high resolution μCP in a way that keeps the PDMS surface topographically flat but chemically patterned. The mechanically stable flat stamp is prepared without a photomask (since the structure may be directly written onto the surface by DPN), and the pattern drawn by DPN combined with subsequent chemical modification of the exposed areas of the stamp, allows one to create a surface with well-defined chemical regions that can be used to confine ink transport to sub-100 nm dimensions and prevent the lateral diffusion of the ink (Scheme 1). Others have used contact inking, [29,30] metal contact masks, [31,32] and template-mediated selfassembly approaches[33] to fabricate (sub)micron-sized chemical patterns on PDMS, but the approach described herein is remarkably simple and straightforward to implement and does not require complex and expensive photo-or e-beam lithography. More importantly, the high registration and resolution of DPN allow one to create stamps using this approach that ** C.A.M. acknowledges the AFOSR, DA...

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Patterning: Principles and Some New Developments

Cited by 608 publications

References 435 publications

Application of 3D Printed Porous Copper Anode in Microbial Fuel Cells

Application of 3D Printed Porous Copper Anode in Microbial Fuel Cells

Hybrid 3D printing by bridging micro/nano processes

Topographically Flat, Chemically Patterned PDMS Stamps Made by Dip‐Pen Nanolithography

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