Patterns of Anxiety: The Phobias*

Dixon, James J.; Monchaux, Cecily de; Sandler, Joseph

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1957.tb01941.x

Cited by 49 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…He was one of the ®rst to demonstrate that pain is accompanied by increased adrenal secretions that were dependent on the sympathetic nervous system, as is the case in fear and anxiety, but he did not explicitly study the interrelation between pain and fear. The phylogenetic origin of fear was thought to be injury (Shepard, 1916), and later on, fear of injury or pain was considered a salient and distinct kind of fear (Dixon et al, 1957). In the 1960s, clinical researchers tried to gain more insight into the association between pain and emotions by examining the incidence of persistent pain in psychiatric patients.…”

Section: Early Views On the Role Of Fear On Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art

Vlaeyen

Linton

2000

Pain

4,012

171

2,797

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In an attempt to explain how and why some individuals with musculoskeletal pain develop a chronic pain syndrome, Lethem et al. (Lethem J, Slade PD, Troup JDG, Bentley G. Outline of a fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perceptions. Behav Res Ther 1983;21:401±408) introduced a so-called`fear-avoidance' model. The central concept of their model is fear of pain.`Confrontation' and`avoidance' are postulated as the two extreme responses to this fear, of which the former leads to the reduction of fear over time. The latter, however, leads to the maintenance or exacerbation of fear, possibly generating a phobic state. In the last decade, an increasing number of investigations have corroborated and re®ned the fear-avoidance model. The aim of this paper is to review the existing evidence for the mediating role of painrelated fear, and its immediate and long-term consequences in the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain disability. We ®rst highlight possible precursors of pain-related fear including the role negative appraisal of internal and external stimuli, negative affectivity and anxiety sensitivity may play. Subsequently, a number of fear-related processes will be discussed including escape and avoidance behaviors resulting in poor behavioral performance, hypervigilance to internal and external illness information, muscular reactivity, and physical disuse in terms of deconditioning and guarded movement. We also review the available assessment methods for the quanti®cation of pain-related fear and avoidance. Finally, we discuss the implications of the recent ®ndings for the prevention and treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Although there are still a number of unresolved issues which merit future research attention, pain-related fear and avoidance appear to be an essential feature of the development of a chronic problem for a substantial number of patients with musculoskeletal pain. q

show abstract

Section: Early Views On the Role Of Fear On Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art

Vlaeyen

Linton

2000

Pain

4,012

171

2,797

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The fear was more often at its height prior to leaving home for school or during the journey to school; it was more a fear of leaving home and going to school than of being at school. Dixon, de Monchaux et al (1957), in a paper on patterns of anxiety, discuss the differentiation of fear from anxiety, fear referring to an immediate objective threat, anxiety to an anticipated subjective danger. After analysing the responses to an inventory designed to elicit anxieties, they conclude that the practice of considering phobias as isolated symptoms is incorrect and misleading, tbat phobias tend to occur in clusters, not alone, and tbey can find no justification for tlie isolation of specific phobias as clinical entities merely because of the patient's emphasis on one particular stimulus to anxiety.…”

Section: Diagnostic Categories and Psjchopathological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refusal to Go to School*

Hersov

1960

Child Psychology Psychiatry

121

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Segundo Öhman (2008) o medo e a ansiedade são estados aversivos sobrepostos, centrados na ameaça. Uma ameaça externa real pode despertar uma resposta de medo biologicamente apropriada, sendo considerado um medo adequado, se o indivíduo reage como se estivesse perante um perigo real, na ausência deste, o medo é considerado ansiedade (Dixon, de Monchaux, & Sandler, 1957). Neste sentido a ansiedade é uma emoção relacionada com o comportamento de avaliação de riscos evocado em situações de perigo incerto, seja porque é uma nova situação ou porque o estímulo perigoso esteve presente no passado.…”

unclassified

“…Atualmente, os vários sintomas das fobias e ansiedade patológica são descritos na abrangente categoria de perturbação de ansiedade apresentada na nomenclatura do Manual de diagnóstico e estatística das Perturbações Mentais (American Psychiatric Association, 2002). Estas perturbações têm um impacto signifi cativo nas capacidades de funcionamento do indivíduo, no seu quotidiano, atuando de acordo com a sua cronicidade e severidade, no desenvolvimento de problemas físicos (por exemplo, doenças cardiovasculares); psicológicos (por exemplo, agorafobia) e sociais (por exemplo, evitamento social) (Baptista et al, 2005;Craske, 1977;Dixon et al, 1957;Rosen & Schulkin, 1998;Sylvers et al, 2011;Taylor, 1998).…”

unclassified

Inventário de medos III: Avaliação das qualidades psicométricas em uma amostra portuguesa

Dias¹,

Leal²,

Marôco³

2015

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ResumoEste estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as qualidades psicométricas do Fear Survey Schedule-III, em uma amostra portuguesa. Participaram 1.980 sujeitos selecionados por conveniência a partir de uma população adulta normativa. As idades dos participantes estavam compreendidas entre os 18 e os 80 anos (M = 39,5, DP = 8,5), sendo 59% do sexo feminino. As qualidades psicométricas da escala foram avaliadas em suas facetas de sensibilidade psicométrica, validade de construto e confi abilidade. A validade externa de construto foi avaliada com análise multigrupos em amostra aleatória e independente da amostra de validação inicial. O modelo fatorial original proposto apresentou um ajustamento inaceitável à amostra de validação. Procedeu-se ao refi namento do modelo de medida em uma parte da amostra, selecionada aleatoriamente. Em conclusão, o modelo de medida simplifi cado apresentou uma boa qualidade de ajustamento fatorial e foi invariante em uma segunda amostra independente da primeira. Propôs-se uma nova estrutura hierárquica, com fator de 2ª ordem designado por "Medos", que revelou boas qualidades psicométricas (sensibilidade, validade de construto e confi abilidade). Palavras-chave: Medos, validade fatorial, confi abilidade, população normativa adulta. AbstractThis study aimed at evaluating the psychometric properties of the Fear Survey Schedule-III in a Portuguese sample. A total 1,980 subjects, selected by convenience sampling from a normative adult population, participated in this study. The participants are aged between 18 and 80 years (M = 39.5, SD = 8.5) and 59% of them are female. The psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated regarding psychometric sensitivity, construct validity, and reliability. The external construct validity was evaluated with multigroup analysis in a random sample, independent from the initial validation sample. The originally proposed factor model presented an unacceptable adjustment to the validation sample. Thus, it was proceeded the refi nement of the model with a part of the sample which was randomly selected. In conclusion, the simplifi ed model presented as a good factorial goodness of fi t, and was invariant in a second sample, independent from the fi rst. A new hierarchical structure was proposed with a 2 nd order factor called "Fears" which showed good psychometric properties (sensitivity, construct validity and reliability).

show abstract

Patterns of Anxiety: The Phobias*

Cited by 49 publications

References 6 publications

Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art

Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art

Refusal to Go to School*

Inventário de medos III: Avaliação das qualidades psicométricas em uma amostra portuguesa

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About