“…Failure of the armor could result in internal soft tissue and organ damage leading to death, infection, as well as subsequent predatory and territorial fighting vulnerability (Reimchen, 1988;Mapes et al, 1989;Mcclanahan and Muthiga, 1989;Kodera, 1994;Zuschin et al, 2003). Failure of a tooth can lead to reduced feeding rates and territorial fighting vulnerability (Magalhaes, 1948;Kent, 1983;Geller, 1990). A fundamental understanding of threat-protection design principles and mechanisms underlying predator-prey interactions has great potential to yield insights into evolutionary pathways (Vermeij, 1987;Dietl and Kelley, 2002).…”