Patterns of Convergence and Divergence Among Industrialized Nations: 1960 - 1988

Craig, C. Samuel; Douglas, Susan P.; Grein, Andreas F.

doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490288

Cited by 59 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…A rare case of empirical evidence demonstrates that,``rather than converging in terms of macro-environmental characteristics as hypothesised, industrialised countries are becoming more divergent'' (Craig et al, 1992).…”

Section: Internationalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The future is predictable for international marketers

Mooij¹

2000

International Marketing Review

129

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Discusses the globalisation of markets and questions the assumption that economic development would result in the converging needs of consumers and standardisation of marketing and advertising. Claims that consumers' values are strongly rooted in history and tradition and that with the convergence of incomes, people have more freedom to express themselves and this is done through their own specific value patterns. Outlines Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture. Investigates consumer behaviour across different nationalities for a sample of products and services. Globalization of marketsSince the early 1960s participants in the discussion about the effects of globalization have assumed that economic development would lead to converging needs and tastes of consumers, which would, in turn, facilitate standardisation of marketing and advertising. Economies of scale in production would lead to low price/high quality ratios, which consumers were supposed to prefer over the products/brands they were used to. Without any empirical evidence, numerous statements about this effect of globalization were published in renowned US journals, such as:In Western Europe, as in most other parts of the world, the geographic, cultural, and other`d istances'' are on the decline (Roostal, 1963).The possession and availability (italics by author) of certain goods is changing people's lives into a more uniform pattern (Elinder, 1965).Especially in Western Europe, but also in some other parts of the world, social and economic trends are working in favour of more, rather than less standardisation in marketing policies (Buzzell, 1968).

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Section: Internationalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The future is predictable for international marketers

Mooij¹

2000

International Marketing Review

129

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“…Craig et al (1992) examined similarities among macro-environmental characteristics ± such as aviation passengers, student numbers, book production, real per capita income and population density ± in eighteen industrialized nations between 1960 and 1988. Rather than ® nding convergence on these characteristics, as hypothesized, Craig et al (1992) found increased dissimilarity. Although broad indicators, such variables are contingencies which directly and indirectly impinge upon organizations and their operations.…”

Section: Questioning the Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reassessment of convergence and divergence dynamics: implications for international HRM

McGaughey¹,

Cieri²

1999

The International Journal of Human Resource Management

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“…The mean value obtained for the geographic constraint on social influence across the various technologies, %G, is 46% which suggests that even though the world is increasingly interconnected, geographic proximity can still be important to a nation's timing for adopting technology, consistent with (Craig et al, 1992) and (Lee and Strang, 2006).…”

Section: Social Influencementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Studies of international diffusion covering the periods 1960-1988 (Craig et al, 1992) and 1980(Lee and Strang, 2006 suggest that geographic proximity is an important determinant of the diffusion process. This is represented in the model by a geographic constraint expressed as the percentage of nations included in a simulation run (%G) which are allowed to influence each nation; those able to exert influence being selected on the basis of proximity.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing a simulation model with various analytic models of the international diffusion of consumer technology

Swinerd

McNaught

2015

Technological Forecasting and Social Change

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In this paper we propose and evaluate a method for studying technology adoption at the national level using hybrid simulation. A hybrid simulation model is developed which combines elements of system dynamics and agent-based modelling, and treats nations as adopting agents. International diffusion is modelled as a social system where the adoption of an innovation, or even just growing pressure to adopt an innovation, in one nation can then influence its adoption in others. The model is used to investigate nine different technological innovations for which sufficient international data are available. Using the available empirical data, the method of differential evolution is used to configure the model which allows the parameter space to be explored in an efficient manner, without bias or subjective disagreement. Good agreement is found between the parameters derived in this way and those reported to configure analytic models. For each of the nine innovations, we report the rank order correlation between the actual order of adoption of the innovations by nations and the order predicted by the simulation model. We also report the rank order correlations between the actual order and the order predicted by a much simpler statistical model. Improvements in the rank order correlation are shown when some form of social influence between nations is included, although there is no significant difference in results between the four different types of social influence considered by the simulation. The nine technologies investigated also appear to fall into two groups with significantly different uptake speeds. Advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed along with suggested implications for practice.

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Patterns of Convergence and Divergence Among Industrialized Nations: 1960 - 1988

Cited by 59 publications

References 9 publications

The future is predictable for international marketers

The future is predictable for international marketers

Reassessment of convergence and divergence dynamics: implications for international HRM

Comparing a simulation model with various analytic models of the international diffusion of consumer technology

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