Patterns of diseases and preventive measures among domestic hajjis from Central, Saudi Arabia [complete republication]

Al-Jasser, Fahad; Kabbash, Ibrahim Ali; AlMazroa, Mohammad A.; Memish, Ziad A.

doi:10.26719/2013.19.supp2.s34

Cited by 27 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These factors make the country a fertile land for TB transmission, potentially between different human groups. In accordance with this hypothesis, the high potential of upper respiratory diseases particularly TB was noticed during the Hajj pilgrimage [12], [13], [14], [15].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Admixed Phylogenetic Distribution of Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia

et al. 2013

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BackgroundThe phylogeographical structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is generally bimodal in low tuberculosis (TB) incidence countries, where genetic lineages of the isolates generally differ with little strain clustering between autochthonous and foreign-born TB patients. However, less is known on this structure in Saudi Arabia—the most important hub of human migration as it hosts a total population of expatriates and pilgrims from all over the world which is equal to that of its citizens.MethodologyWe explored the mycobacterial phylogenetic structure and strain molecular clustering in Saudi Arabia by genotyping 322 drug-resistant clinical isolates collected over a 12-month period in a national drug surveillance survey, using 24 locus-based MIRU-VNTR typing and spoligotyping.Principal FindingsIn contrast to the cosmopolitan population of the country, almost all the known phylogeographic lineages of M. tuberculosis complex (with noticeable exception of Mycobacterium africanum/West-African 1 and 2) were detected, with Delhi/CAS (21.1%), EAI (11.2%), Beijing (11.2%) and main branches of the Euro-American super-lineage such as Ghana (14.9%), Haarlem (10.6%) and Cameroon (7.8%) being represented. Statistically significant associations of strain lineages were observed with poly-drug resistance and multi drug resistance especially among previously treated cases (p value of < = 0.001 for both types of resistance), with relative over-representation of Beijing strains in the latter category. However, there was no significant difference among Saudi and non-Saudi TB patients regarding distribution of phylogenetic lineages (p = 0.311). Moreover, 59.5% (22/37) of the strain molecular clusters were shared between the Saudi born and immigrant TB patients.ConclusionsSpecific distribution of M. tuberculosis phylogeographic lineages is not observed between the autochthonous and foreign-born populations. These observations might reflect both socially favored ongoing TB transmission between the two population groups, and historically deep-rooted, prolonged contacts and trade relations of the peninsula with other world regions. More vigorous surveillance and strict adherence to tuberculosis control policies are urgently needed in the country.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Admixed Phylogenetic Distribution of Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia

et al. 2013

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“…The national tuberculosis registry showed higher rate of TB incidence among immigrants (28 (in 2000)-26.7(in 2009) cases/100000 populations) compared to autochthonous population (11.7 (in 2000)-11.5(in 2009) cases/100000 populations) in the past few years [8,9]. Besides the possible transmission of TB among settled immigrants and the autochthonous population in the country, another possible factor is one of the largest human gathering (3.16 million pilgrims including more than one million of local pilgrims in 2012) in the world for a religious ritual “Holy Hajj” as recorded by different studies and authorities [10-12]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculosis Transmission among Immigrants and Autochthonous Populations of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

et al. 2013

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BackgroundEastern province of Saudi Arabia is an industrial zone with large immigrant population and high level of tuberculosis case notification among immigrants. The impact of immigration and current trends of tuberculosis transmission among immigrants and autochthonous population in the region had not been investigated so far using molecular tools.MethodologyDuring 2009- 2011, a total of 524 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were collected from the central tuberculosis reference laboratory, representing an estimated 79.2% of the culture-positive tuberculosis cases over the study period in the province. These isolates were genotyped by using 24 locus-based MIRU-VNTR typing and spoligotyping followed by first line drug susceptibility testing. The molecular clustering profiles and phylogenetic diversity of isolates were determined and compared to the geographical origins of the patients.Principle FindingsGenotyping showed an overall predominance of Delhi/CAS (29.4%), EAI (23.8%) and Ghana (13.3%) lineages, with slightly higher proportions of Delhi/CAS among autochthonous population (33.3 %) and EAI (30.9%) among immigrants. Rate of any drug resistance was 20.2% with 2.5% of multi-drug resistance. Strain cluster analysis indicated 42 clusters comprising 210 isolates, resulting in a calculated recent transmission index of 32.1%. Overall shared cluster ratio was 78.6% while 75.8% were shared between autochthonous population and immigrant population with a predominance of immigrants from South east Asia (40.7%). In contrast, cross national transmission within the immigrant population was limited (24.2%). Younger age (15-30- p value-0.043, 16-45, p value 0.030), Saudi nationality (p value-0.004) and South East Asian origin (p value-0.011) were identified as significant predisposing factors for molecular strain clustering.ConclusionsThe high proportion of molecular clusters shared among the autochthonous and immigrant populations suggests a high permeability of tuberculosis transmission between both populations in the province. These results prompt for the need to strengthen the current tuberculosis control strategies and surveillance programs.

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“…Besides, the recommendations for the prevention of influenza include wearing face masks (18). Although wearing mask may not provide complete protection from infections, it may reduce the exposure to droplet nuclei, which are considered among the main modes of transmitting most URTIs (18). We found that 32% of participants suffered from flu and 23% from a sore throat.…”

Section: Discussion:-mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…This result means that they exhibited these respiratory symptoms during Hajj. Nonetheless, Al-Jasser et al reported that a significant proportion (53%) of pilgrims from Riyadh experienced a URTI during or immediately after the Hajj (18).…”

Section: Discussion:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The seasonal flu vaccination, which is regarded as a preventive measure, has been recommended especially for high-risk individuals or people above 65 years old (15,16,17). Besides, the recommendations for the prevention of influenza include wearing face masks (18). Although wearing mask may not provide complete protection from infections, it may reduce the exposure to droplet nuclei, which are considered among the main modes of transmitting most URTIs (18).…”

Section: Discussion:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prospective Study of Respiratory Tract Infection Among Pilgrims Visiting Er at Almadinahalmonawarrh , 2016 .

Ekhmimi.¹,

Alraddadi.²,

Alhojaili.³

et al. 2017

IJAR

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Objectives:To compare the differences between the incidence of respiratory tract infections before and after performing Hajj and to identify the risk factors that may increase the prevalence of respiratory tract infections during Hajj.Methods: During the Hajj season of 1437H in Al Madinah, a prospective cohort study consisting of 566 pilgrim patients was admitted to ER in King Fahad Hospital (160 patients), Al Anssar (100), Bab Jebril Primary Health Clinic (70) and Al Safiah Primary Health Care (236). A face-to-face semi-structured questionnaire was given to each participant a week before and after the Hajj. Results: During the two-week examination period, 92% of patients suffered from respiratory symptoms. It was the first visit to the doctor with the same symptoms for 82.3% of pilgrims. The age group of a vast majority of the patients who participate in the study was 46-65 years. Findings indicate that 89.2% of participants had been in crowded places during the pilgrimage period. Also, 15.9% of participants were smokers, and 81.3% of them had a good ventilation in their residential places. The residential areas of participants (63.4%) were very far from any sources of air pollution. Besides, 82.2% of them did not use their personal belongings during the pilgrimage period.. Conclusion: Most pilgrim patients suffered from and shown respiratory symptoms during Hajj. The study noted a reduction in most risk factors which increase respiratory tract infections except the problem of overcrowding during the Hajj season, a problem that cannot be avoided during the pilgrimage to

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Patterns of diseases and preventive measures among domestic hajjis from Central, Saudi Arabia [complete republication]

Cited by 27 publications

References 11 publications

Admixed Phylogenetic Distribution of Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia

Admixed Phylogenetic Distribution of Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia

Tuberculosis Transmission among Immigrants and Autochthonous Populations of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Prospective Study of Respiratory Tract Infection Among Pilgrims Visiting Er at Almadinahalmonawarrh , 2016 .

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