Patterns of human wildlife conflicts in Zambia, causes, consequences and management responses

Chomba, Chansa

doi:10.5897/jene12.029

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Consequently, high human population density could be more detrimental to larger animals by putting animals and humans in closer proximity, increasing the risk of mortality from this source (Chomba et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Anthropogenic mortality in mammals increases with the human footprint

Hill

DeVault

Wang

et al. 2019

Frontiers in Ecol & Environ

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Over the Earth's terrestrial surface, wildlife species are adversely affected by an increasing number of anthropogenic impacts to the landscape, collectively termed the "human footprint". However, there is limited understanding of how the human footprint influences cause-specific mortality in wildlife. We conducted a synthesis of cause-specific mortality of North American terrestrial mammals, compiling 247 studies that as a group determined the cause of death of 6607 adult mammals among 19,910 individuals monitored. Species lifespan as well as the interaction between lifespan and the human footprint were positively associated with the proportion of mortality attributed to anthropogenic sources. Our results indicate that anthropogenic mortality in mammals increases with increasing human-associated impacts on the landscape, and that longer-lived species are affected more than their shorter-lived counterparts. This pattern likely accounts for the extirpation of longer-lived, larger-bodied mammals from many human-dominated areas. We also found that as the human footprint increased in magnitude, harvest mortality declined while vehicle mortality increased. These shifts in mortality can have substantial implications for understanding wildlife population dynamics and managing wildlife populations across landscapes impacted by anthropogenic activities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Anthropogenic mortality in mammals increases with the human footprint

Hill

DeVault

Wang

et al. 2019

Frontiers in Ecol & Environ

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“…In Zambia, baboons and vervet monkeys are the major non-human primates not only in wildlife management regions, but even out of the management areas. Humanmonkey conflicts in the form of crop damage, grabbing of personal effects and direct injury are reported [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and characterization of zoonotic pathogens of free-ranging non-human primates from Zambia

Nakayima

Hayashida

Nakao

et al. 2014

Parasites & Vectors

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Background: Wildlife may harbor infectious pathogens that are of zoonotic concern acting as a reservoir of diseases transmissible to humans and domestic animals. This is due to human-wildlife conflicts that have become more frequent and severe over recent decades, competition for the available natural habitats and resources leading to increased human encroachment on previously wild and uninhabited areas.

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“…Reliable and accurate spatial and temporal data on abundances and demographics of hippo populations are essential for effective conservation management [1,7,8] but hippos are inherently difficult to count because individuals regularly submerge and surface throughout the day and have uniform appearance. They are also among the more dangerous animals in Africa [9–11], limiting effectiveness of on-land and water methods of counting [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drone-based effective counting and ageing of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Okavango Delta in Botswana

Inman

Leggett²,

Chase

2019

Preprint

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Accurately estimating hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) numbers is difficult due to their aggressive nature, amphibious lifestyle, and habit of diving and surfacing. Traditionally, hippos are counted using aerial surveys and land/boat surveys. We compared estimates of numbers of hippos in a lagoon in the Okavango Delta, counted from land and video taken from a DJI Phantom 4 TM drone, testing for effectiveness at three heights (40 m, 80 m, and 120 m) and four times of day (early morning, late morning, early afternoon, and late afternoon). In addition, we determined effectiveness for differentiating age classes (juvenile, subadult, and adult), based on visual assessment and measurements from drone images, at different times and heights.Estimates in the pool averaged 9.18 (± 0.25SE, range 1 -14, n = 112 counts). Drone counts at 40 m produced the highest counts of hippos, 10.6% higher than land counts and drone counts at 80 m, and 17.6% higher than drone counts at 120 m. Fewer hippos were counted in the early morning, when the hippos were active and most likely submerged, compared to all other times of day, when they tended to rest in shallow water with their bodies exposed. We were able to assign age classes to similar numbers of hippos from land counts and counts at 40 m, although land counts were better at identifying juveniles and subadults. Early morning was the least effective time to age hippos given their active behaviour, increasingly problematic with increasing height. Use of a relatively low-cost drone provided a rigorous and repeatable method for estimating numbers and ages of hippos, but not in the early morning. Introduction1 Hippopotamus or hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius) are Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List 2 of Threatened Species, numbering 115,000-130,000 [1]. Habitat loss and hunting for meat and 3 ivory are driving declines [1], but much of the population data originates from aerial surveys, 4 which can be inaccurate [2-6]. Reliable and accurate spatial and temporal data on abundances 5 and demographics of hippo populations are essential for effective conservation management 6 [1,7,8] but hippos are inherently difficult to count because individuals regularly submerge and 7 surface throughout the day and have uniform appearance. They are also among the more 8 dangerous animals in Africa [9-11], limiting effectiveness of on-land and water methods of 9 counting [12]. 10 Hippos are usually surveyed from the air [9-12], but also from boats and land [9,13,14]; 11 each method has advantages and disadvantages. Aerial surveys cover large areas [4] but with 12 limited time to scan waterbodies and count hippos, given their speed. Also, aircraft noise may 13 cause hippos to submerge [19], contributing to underestimation [20]. Aerial surveys are costly 14 and logistically difficult, resulting in long intervals between surveys [21-24]. Slow, low-flying 15 microlight aircraft or helicopters capturing images may overcome some of these challenges [25] 16 but remain costly and potentially logistically difficult, ...

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Patterns of human wildlife conflicts in Zambia, causes, consequences and management responses

Cited by 31 publications

References 1 publication

Anthropogenic mortality in mammals increases with the human footprint

Anthropogenic mortality in mammals increases with the human footprint

Detection and characterization of zoonotic pathogens of free-ranging non-human primates from Zambia

Drone-based effective counting and ageing of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Okavango Delta in Botswana

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