Patterns of Magnesium-Calcite Distribution in the Skeleton of Some Polar Bryozoan Species

Loxton, Jennifer; Kukliński, Piotr; Mair, James McD; Jones, Mary Spencer; Porter, Joanne S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16411-8_12

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Bryozoans utilize two biominerals, calcite and aragonite, which are both polymorphs of CaCO 3 , although it is possible that some species also have the capacity to biomineralize calcium phosphate (see below). Early research employed chemical methods (Clarke & Wheeler, , ) but later studies have mainly utilized X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to identify the biominerals present in bryozoans (Schopf & Manheim, ; Rucker & Carver, ; Schopf & Allan, ; Poluzzi & Sartori, , ; Borisenko & Gontar, , ; Bone & James, , ; Steger & Smith, ; Smith, Nelson & Spencer, ; Kuklinski & Taylor, , ; Lombardi et al ., ; Wejnert & Smith, ; Smith & Clark, ; Smith & Girvan, ; Smith & Lawton, ; Loxton et al ., ; Smith & Garden, ). Laser Raman spectroscopy has also been applied recently to investigate bryozoan biomineralogy (Taylor, Kudryavtsev & Schopf, ; Benedix, Jacob & Taylor, ; Taylor & Di Martino, ).…”

Section: Inorganic Components Of the Bryozoan Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Mg content of bryozoan calcite varies among species, among colonies belonging to the same species, within colonies, and even within different parts of the same skeletal wall. Most bryozoans have low Mg‐calcite (0–4 mol% MgCO 3 ) to intermediate Mg‐calcite (4–12 mol% MgCO 3 ) (Smith et al ., ; Taylor et al ., ; Loxton et al ., ), although some cheilostomes secrete high‐Mg calcite of >12 mol% MgCO 3 (e.g., Membraniporopsis tubigera with c . 14 mol% MgCO 3 : Gordon et al ., ).…”

Section: Inorganic Components Of the Bryozoan Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of relevance to GW effects, several studies have shown that colony growth and zooid size are both affected by changes in temperature (Stebbing, ; Menon, ; Winston, ; Pätzold et al ., ; Okamura & Bishop, ; Hunter & Hughes, ; Barnes, ; O'Dea & Okamura, 1999, 2000 a , b ; O'Dea & Jackson, ; O'Dea, ; Taylor, ; Amui‐Vedel, Hayward & Porter, ; O'Dea, Rodríguez & Romero, ; Knowles et al ., ; O'Dea et al ., ). Calcification rate, skeletal carbonate mineralogy and geochemistry may also co‐vary with temperature (Smith & Key, ; Bader & Schäfer, ; Barnes, Webb & Linse, , ; Lombardi et al ., , ; Smith, ; Schäfer & Bader, ; Kuklinski & Taylor, ; Knowles et al ., ; Loxton et al ., ; Fortunato, Schäfer & Blaschek, ).…”

Section: The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomineralization in bryozoans: present, past and future

2014

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Many animal phyla have the physiological ability to produce biomineralized skeletons with functional roles that have been shaped by natural selection for more than 500 million years. Among these are bryozoans, a moderately diverse phylum of aquatic invertebrates with a rich fossil record and importance today as bioconstructors in some shallow-water marine habitats. Biomineralizational patterns and, especially, processes are poorly understood in bryozoans but are conventionally believed to be similar to those of the related lophotrochozoan phyla Brachiopoda and Mollusca. However, bryozoan skeletons are more intricate than those of these two phyla. Calcareous skeletons have been acquired independently in two bryozoan clades - Stenolaemata in the Ordovician and Cheilostomata in the Jurassic - providing an evolutionary replicate. This review aims to highlight the importance of biomineralization in bryozoans and focuses on their skeletal ultrastructures, mineralogy and chemistry, the roles of organic components, the evolutionary history of bimineralization in bryozoans with respect to changes in seawater chemistry, and the impact of contemporary global changes, especially ocean acidification, on bryozoan skeletons. Bryozoan skeletons are constructed from three different wall types (exterior, interior and compound) differing in the presence/absence and location of organic cuticular layers. Skeletal ultrastructures can be classified into wall-parallel (i.e. laminated) and wall-perpendicular (i.e. prismatic) fabrics, the latter apparently found in only one of the two biomineralizing clades (Cheilostomata), which is also the only clade to biomineralize aragonite. A plethora of ultrastructural fabrics can be recognized and most occur in combination with other fabrics to constitute a fabric suite. The proportion of aragonitic and bimineralic bryozoans, as well as the Mg content of bryozoan skeletons, show a latitudinal increase into the warmer waters of the tropics. Responses of bryozoan mineralogy and skeletal thickness to oscillations between calcite and aragonite seas through geological time are equivocal. Field and laboratory studies of living bryozoans have shown that predicted future changes in pH (ocean acidification) combined with global warming are likely to have detrimental effects on calcification, growth rate and production of polymorphic zooids for defence and reproduction, although some species exhibit reasonable levels of resilience. Some key questions about bryozoan biomineralization that need to be addressed are identified.

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Section: Inorganic Components Of the Bryozoan Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inorganic Components Of the Bryozoan Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomineralization in bryozoans: present, past and future

2014

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“…Martin et al 2008;Smith 2009;RodolfoMetalpa et al 2010;Lombardi et al 2011a, b;Loxton et al 2013). Like echinoderms, corals and pteropods, bryozoans have calcareous skeletons potentially vulnerable to dissolution (e.g., Kukliński and Taylor 2009;Smith 2009; and literature cited therein).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of magnesium content in Arctic bryozoan skeletons along a depth gradient

2012

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A growing body of evidence suggests that ocean acidification acting synergistically with ocean warming alters carbonate biomineralization in a variety of marine biota. Magnesium often substitutes for Ca in the calcite skeletons of marine invertebrates, increasing their solubility. The spatioenvironmental distribution of Mg in marine invertebrates has seldom been studied, despite its importance for assessing vulnerabilities to ocean acidification. Because pH decreases with water depth, it is predicted that levels of Mg in calcite skeletons should also decrease to counteract dissolution. Such a pattern has been suggested by evidence from echinoderms. Data on magnesium content and depth in Arctic bryozoans (52 species, 103 individuals, 150 samples) are here used to test this prediction, aided by comparison with six conceptual models explaining all possible scenarios. Analyses were based on a uniform dataset spanning more than 200 m of coastal water depth. No significant relationship was found between depth and Mg content; indeed, the highest Mg content among the analyzed taxa (8.7 % mol MgCO 3 ) was recorded from the deepest settings ([200 m). Our findings contrast with previously published results from echinoderms in which Mg was found to decrease with depth. The bryozoan results suggest that ocean acidification may have less impact on the studied bryozoans than is generally assumed. In the broad context, our study exemplifies quantitative testing of spatial patterns of skeletal geochemistry for predicting the biological effects of environmental change in the oceans.

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“…Carbonate skeletons of cheilostome bryozoans living in warm waters comprise calcite, aragonite or are bimineralic (with calcite overlain by aragonite), and in those employing calcite the percentage of Mg is often high (Smith et al 2006, Taylor et al 2009). On the other hand, in cold-water, cheilostome species with aragonitic and bimineralic skeletons are rare and the Mg content in the calcite is typically lower (Kuklinski & Taylor 2008, 2009Loxton et al 2012). These mineralogical and chemical differences in bryozoan skeletons have been linked to environmental factors -mainly temperature -because they have also been found to occur within congeneric species that inhabit different temperature habitats.…”

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confidence: 99%

Palaeogeographical patterns in Late Ordovician bryozoan morphology as proxies for temperature

Jiménez-Sánchez¹,

Taylor²,

Gomez³

2013

Bull. Geosci.

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Several studies have revealed temperature-related patterns in recent bryozoans, both in the chemical composition of the skeleton and in the morphological characters of the colonies, but comparable studies on Palaeozoic bryozoans are lacking. In this paper a statistical analysis of the morphological differences is undertaken between congeneric species of some Ordovician bryozoans from warm-and cold-water settings. For this study ten eurythermic cosmopolitan bryozoan genera from the Upper Ordovician were selected from the Mediterranean, Avalonia, Baltic and Laurentia-Siberian provinces. These genera are: Ceramopora and Ceramoporella (Cystoporata); Diplotrypa, Eridotrypa, Hallopora, Heterotrypa, Monticulipora and Trematopora (Trepostomata); Graptodictya (Cryptostomata); and Kukersella (Cyclostomata). The study involved 154 samples belonging to 104 different species. Twenty-eight morphological characters were measured, although only 21 were used in the final statistical analysis. Univariate (t, F, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney tests), multivariate discriminant and multivariate ordination (Principal Coordinates, Principal Components, Correspondence, and Detrended Correspondence) analyses were performed on the data. For the univariate and multivariate discriminant analyses, the total set of samples was divided a priori into cold-and warm-water subsets based on palaeolatitude: samples from the Mediterranean province were attributed to the cold-water subset, whereas samples from Avalonia, Baltic and the Laurentian-Siberian provinces were included in the warm-water subset. For the multivariate ordination analysis no a priori grouping by water temperature was imposed, and the aim of these analyses was to test whether different samples were correctly arranged along a water temperature gradient. The univariate statistical analysis showed that there are clear morphological differences between cold-and warm-water species in six of the ten Late Ordovician bryozoan genera analysed in this study, although these differences are only evident for some of the characters used, and only when the analysis is performed on individual genera. The best characters to differentiate species by water temperature are those related to the size of the zooidal polymorphs, especially the diameters of the autozooecia, mesozooecia and exilazooecia. With the exception of one genus (Trematopora), cold-water species have larger zooids. The discriminant analysis was able to classify correctly as warm-or cold-water 100% of the samples for two genera, slightly below 95% for two other genera, and between 67% and 90% for the remaining six genera. Finally, the multivariate ordination analysis was able to separate species by palaeogeographical province in some genera, but these provinces were not correctly arranged along a palaeolatitudinal gradient using any of the methods used. • Key words: bryozoans, cosmopolitan genera, latitudinal adaptations, univariate and multivariate statistical analysis.

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Patterns of Magnesium-Calcite Distribution in the Skeleton of Some Polar Bryozoan Species

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

Biomineralization in bryozoans: present, past and future

Biomineralization in bryozoans: present, past and future

Patterns of magnesium content in Arctic bryozoan skeletons along a depth gradient

Palaeogeographical patterns in Late Ordovician bryozoan morphology as proxies for temperature

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