“…A growing body of scholarly research suggests that discrimination by political institutions motivates political participation (Barreto & Woods, ; Dawson, ; Miller, Gurin, Gurin, & Malanchuk, ; Pantoja, Ramirez, & Segura, ; Ramakrishnan, ; Ramirez, ; Stokes, ; Tate, ; Valenzuela & Michelson, ; Verba & Nie, ). However, data based on reports of discrimination are problematic, potentially reflecting accepting contexts where marginalized people can support each other (Kaiser & Miller, ; Myrberg & Rogstad, ; Stangor, Swim, Van Allen, & Sechrist, ). Another body of research in social psychology suggests that discrimination leads to feelings of depression and social rejection and a lower likelihood of participation (Branscombe, Schmitt, & Harvey, ; Dion & Earn, ; Finch, Kolody, & Vega, ; Maciejewski, Prigerson, & Mazure, ; Oskooii, ; Smith & Betz, ; Whitbeck, McMorris, Hoyt, Stubben, & LaFromboise, ).…”