Patterns of play of international rugby union teams before and after the introduction of professional status.

Eaves, Simon J.; Hughes, Mike

doi:10.1080/24748668.2003.11868281

Cited by 40 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Most of the effects of time and professionalism were at least moderate and were therefore clear, in spite of the limited sample size. Overall, the match activities and match time variables are consistent with previous reports that have examined international matches in the northern hemisphere (Eaves & Hughes, 2003;Eaves et al, 2005) and the Rugby World Cup (Potter & Carter, 1996).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Eaves and Hughes (2003) reported that ballin-play time increased by a mean of 4 min and 45 s following the introduction of professionalism. We observed a similar pattern, with predicted ball-inplay time in good conditions increasing by 5 min and 54 s between 1995 and 2004.…”

Section: Match Exposure and Participationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Stewart (1997) provided an historical analysis of changes to laws and qualitatively described subsequent patterns of activities. Eaves and Hughes (2003), in a study of Five and Six Nations matches covering the period 1988 -2002, found that rugby became a faster, ruck-dominated game that contained more phases of play following the introduction of professionalism. The purpose of this study was to use a combination of notational analysis and historical records to illustrate changes in rugby match activities and the size of rugby players over a series of international matches that encompassed the change from an amateur to a professional sport.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Changes in player characteristics and match activities in Bledisloe Cup rugby union from 1972 to 2004

Quarrie

Hopkins

2007

Journal of Sports Sciences

109

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To illustrate changes in elite rugby union match activities, we analysed coded videotape recordings of the first match in each Bledisloe Cup series played between Australia and New Zealand from 1972 to 2004. We also analysed the stature and body mass of players. Effects associated with professionalism, weather conditions, and time (expressed as change per decade) were estimated with a simple generalized linear model and standardized for interpretation of magnitude. The sample size permitted confident conclusions about effects that were of at least moderate magnitude (standardized mean difference >0.6). Increases in passes, tackles, rucks, tries, and ball-in-play time were associated with the advent of professionalism, whereas there were reductions in the numbers of lineouts, mauls, kicks in play, and in mean participation time per player. Noteworthy time trends were an increase in the number of rucks and a decrease in the number of scrums. Good weather conditions were associated with increases in tries and points scored and with reductions in the number of kicks in play and participation time per player. With the advent of professionalism, players have become heavier and backs have become taller. Overall, there have been major changes in international rugby match activities and player size over the past three decades. We believe law changes and developments in match analysis, equipment technology, and player training have contributed to the changes associated with the introduction of professionalism.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Match Exposure and Participationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Changes in player characteristics and match activities in Bledisloe Cup rugby union from 1972 to 2004

Quarrie

Hopkins

2007

Journal of Sports Sciences

109

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“…Since its emergence as a professional sport (1995), the game appears to have become a faster, ruck dominated game that contains more phases of play (Eaves and Hughes 2003). Furthermore, players have become bigger and faster and are involved in more physical contact and collisions during game play (Duthie et al 2003;Quarrie and Hopkins 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time course of changes in immuneoendocrine markers following an international rugby game

Hore²,

et al. 2009

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Intense exercise is known to cause temporary impairments in immune function. Few studies, however, have investigated the effects of intense competitive exercise on immunoendocrine variables in elite team sport athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the time course of changes in selected immunoendocrine and inflammatory markers following an international rugby union game. Blood samples were taken from players (n = 10) on camp entry, the morning of the game (pre), immediately after (post) and 14 and 38 h into a passive recovery period. Players lost 1.4 +/- 0.2 kg of body mass during the game (ambient conditions, 11 degrees C, 45% RH). An acute phase inflammatory response was observed as reflected through immediate increases in serum cortisol and IL-6 (post) followed by delayed increases in serum creatine kinase (CK; 14 h) activity and C-reactive protein (CRP; 38 h); P < 0.05. Decreases in the number of circulating T lympocytes, NK cells and bacteria-stimulated neutrophil degranulation were also observed post-exercise (P < 0.05), indicative of decreased host immune protection. Following a large decrease in serum testosterone to cortisol (T/C) ratio immediately post and 14 h after exercise, T/C values then increased above those observed at camp entry 38 h into recovery (P < 0.05). This rebound anabolic stimulus may represent a physiological requirement for recovery following intense tissue damage resulting from game collisions. The findings also suggest that a game of international rugby elicits disturbances in host immunity, which last up 38 h into the recovery period.

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“…Moreover, studies reported that rugby games in various aspects, not only the KO plays, have changed a great deal in ten years (Nakagawa, 2002;Eaves and Hughes, 2003;Eaves et al 2005). Therefore, the results of previous study which analyzed the relevance of KO plays in rugby games (Nakagawa & Miyao, 1995, 1997 are to be reexamined, focusing on recent rugby games.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-examination of Importance of Kick-off and 50m Restart Kick Play in Rugby Football Games

Nakagawa

2006

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

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The purpose of this study was to re-examine importance of kick-off and 50m restart kick (KO) play in rugby football games with their changes in recent years to be considered. 1 Though a kick off had meant all the kicks for starting and restarting a game, the 2002 revision of the rules defi ned it as the kick performed at the start of a game and the restart after half-time, changing the term for a kick after scoring including a drop-out kick into a restart kick (Japan Rugby Football Union, 2002). However, in this study the abbreviation KO was used for integrating 50m restart kicks into the kick off mentioned above in order to avoid complication in terms. 2 This study used a term, a KO play, in the meaning that "KO and the plays directly related to KO to capture the ball". Similarly, the terms, drop-out and a drop-out play, were distinctively used. However, the terms of KO and drop-out were used respectively for a KO play and a drop-out play in Tables. Regarding a scrum and a line-out, as the rule prescribes as a play from the time the ball is put in and to the time the ball was out, this study did not use the terms of a scrum play or a line-out play. 3 This study used the term "game" as an abstraction expressing the rugby football which is played in accordance with the formal rules, and "match" as a realization of competition.

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Patterns of play of international rugby union teams before and after the introduction of professional status.

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Changes in player characteristics and match activities in Bledisloe Cup rugby union from 1972 to 2004

Changes in player characteristics and match activities in Bledisloe Cup rugby union from 1972 to 2004

Time course of changes in immuneoendocrine markers following an international rugby game

Re-examination of Importance of Kick-off and 50m Restart Kick Play in Rugby Football Games

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