Patterns of public drinking in a multiethnic society. A systematic observational study.

‘We police it ourselves’: Group processes in the escalation and regulation of violence in the night‐time economy

“…Although all this work points to the importance of group‐level analysis and recognises that third parties are actively involved in shaping the trajectory of violence (as the authors themselves acknowledge), it does not account for how and why third parties act in the way they do. More specifically, it does not deal with the social relationships that might pertain between third parties and protagonists, or amongst the third parties themselves, which, in view of the fact that alcohol consumption in community spaces is often a group‐based activity (Graves, Graves, Semu, & Sam, ), appears of utmost importance.…”

Draughts and drunks: The contributions of taverns and bars to excessive drinking in America

“…Again mainly North American in origin, this kind of literature attempts to measure more or less systematically and precisely the variations in drinking patterns among tavern patrons and the behavioral contingencies that determine those variations. Much of the work in this literature has been done in the "naturalistic" settings of bars or taverns themselves (e.g., Bruun, 1959;Sommer, 1965;Kessler and Gomberg, 1974;Cutler and Storm, 1975;Harford, Feinhandler, andDorman, 1975, 1976;Bissonette, 1977;Plant et al, 1977;Babor et al, 1978b;Reid, 1978;Rosenbluth et al, 1978;Graves et al, 1979). However, a few important studies have been done by behavioral psychologists in laboratory-simulated bar or tavern settings (e.g., Caudill and Marlatt, 1975;Garlington and Dericco, 1976;Dericco and Garlington, 1977;Babor et al, 1978a).…”

“…However, a few important studies have been done by behavioral psychologists in laboratory-simulated bar or tavern settings (e.g., Caudill and Marlatt, 1975;Garlington and Dericco, 1976;Dericco and Garlington, 1977;Babor et al, 1978a). Some of these studies have pointed to a rather remarkable convergence between the findings from laboratory studies and the findings from the "natural" settings (e.g., Reid, 1978;Babor et al, 1978a;Graves et al, 1979).…”

“…Early on, Clinard (1962) tended to take this position and generally to exonerate taverns as a cause of excessive drinking, except perhaps (citing Dinitz, 1951) for patrons already well on the road to alcoholism. The sociability may take a fairly frivolous and escapist form as time out from the real world, with inconsequential banter and play (e.g., Cavan, 1966;MacAndrew and Edgerton, 1969;Room, 1972;LeMasters, 1975;Kotarba, 1977;Popham, 1978;Graves et al, 1979). The sociability might also function in more consequential ways to strengthen social bonds or solidarity among ethnic groups, occupational groups, or social strata (e.g., Lewis, 1955;Gottlieb, 1957;Richards, 1964;LeMasters, 1975;Kotarba, 1977;Thomas, 1978;Graves et al, 1979), among homosexuals (e.g., Branson, 1957;Cory and Leroy, 1963;Hoffman, 1968), or even as a refuge for certain illegal activities (e.g., Clinard, 1962;Zola, 1963;Roebuck and Spray, 1967;Roebuck and Frese, 1976).…”

“…Taken altogether, these experimental studies have consistently shown strong relationships between the sheer amount of alcohol consumed by subjects on the one hand and such social factors as the size of the drinking group, ethnic influences, mixed-sex interactions, and the like (Cutler and Storm, 1975;Harford et al, 1975;Kessler and Gomberg, 1974;Rosenbluth et al, 1975). Causal direction is problematic in some of these studies but generally can be sorted out to isolate drinking quantity or frequency as the dependent variable (Reid, 1978;Graves et al, 1979). Of special interest here is the recurrent finding, whether in laboratories or in natural tavern settings, that drinking rates and amounts are strongly influenced by the drinking behavior of laboratory models or of drinking peers, the more so as these models exhibit a warm and friendly demeanor (Caudill and Marlatt, 1975;Dericco and Garlington, 1977;Reid, 1978).…”