Patterns of self-reported recovery from chemosensory dysfunction following SARS-CoV-2 infection: insights after 1 year of the pandemic

Almutairi, Dakheelallah; Almalki, Abdulaziz; Mirza, Ahmad A.; Khalifah, Mohammed J.; Aljefri, Ammar; Alsalmi, Khalid A.; Althaqafy, Majid; Algarni, Mohammed

doi:10.1080/00016489.2022.2062047

Cited by 4 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The 13 included studies differed in terms of their primary objectives, sample size, proportion of LC affected, as well as exposure and outcome measurements. Five studies' primary goal was to identify risk factors for LC, 38,41,47–49 while the remaining assessed the long‐term health consequences of COVID‐19 descriptively or otherwise 17,39,40,42–46 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for one study, all studies used the term “Long‐COVID” or its equivalents. Almutairi et al 48 however, did not explicitly use the term or one alternative expressions, but assessed the recovery of patients' chemosensory dysfunctions. In line with NICE guideline 5 and our inclusion criteria, persons showing chemosensory dysfunction up to 1 year, are considered as LC patients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…46,49 The 13 included studies differed in terms of their primary objectives, sample size, proportion of LC affected, as well as exposure and outcome measurements. Five studies' primary goal was to identify risk factors for LC, 38,41,[47][48][49] while the remaining assessed the long-term health consequences of COVID-19 descriptively or otherwise. 17,39,40,[42][43][44][45][46] Sample sizes ranged from 39 to 2826 persons, shares of females from 18.4% to 66.1%, and incidence/prevalence of LC varied from 11.1% to 89.5% (median: 53.3%).…”

Section: Study Selection and Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…49 Nine studies derived information on pre-existing allergic diseases by screening electronic medical records. 17,38,45,47,48 For three studies, the assessment method of allergic diseases was not reported. 41,42,46 In one study, self-report was used.…”

Section: Acute Covid-19 and Pre-existing Allergic Disease Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Allergic diseases as risk factors for Long‐COVID symptoms: Systematic review of prospective cohort studies

Wolff,

Drewitz,

Ulrich

et al. 2023

Clin Experimental Allergy

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ObjectiveThe role of allergy as a risk factor for Long‐COVID (LC) is unclear and has not been thoroughly examined yet. We aimed to systematically review and appraise the epidemiological evidence on allergic diseases as risk factors for LC.DesignThis is an initial systematic review. Two reviewers independently performed the study selection and data extraction using Covidence. Risk of bias (RoB) and certainty of evidence (GRADE) were assessed. Random effects meta‐analyses were used to pool unadjusted ORs within homogeneous data subsets.Data SourcesWe retrieved articles published between January 1st, 2020 and January 19th, 2023 from MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, the WHO‐COVID‐19 database and the LOVE platform (Epistemonikos Foundation). In addition, citations and reference lists were searched.Eligibility CriteriaWe included prospective cohort studies recruiting individuals of all ages with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection that were followed up for at least 12 months for LC symptoms where information on pre‐existing allergic diseases was available. We excluded all study designs that were not prospective cohort studies and all publication types that were not original articles.ResultsWe identified 13 studies (9967 participants, range 39–1950 per study), all assessed as high RoB, due to population selection and methods used to ascertain the exposures and the outcome. Four studies did not provide sufficient data to calculate Odds Ratios. The evidence supported a possible relationship between LC and allergy, but was very uncertain. For example, pre‐existing asthma measured in hospital‐based populations (6 studies, 4019 participants) may be associated with increased risk of LC (Odds Ratio 1.94, 95% CI 1.08, 3.50) and findings were similar for pre‐existing rhinitis (3 studies, 1141 participants; Odds Ratio 1.96, 95% CI 1.61, 2.39), both very low certainty evidence.ConclusionsPre‐existing asthma or rhinitis may increase the risk of LC.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Selection and Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acute Covid-19 and Pre-existing Allergic Disease Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Allergic diseases as risk factors for Long‐COVID symptoms: Systematic review of prospective cohort studies

Wolff,

Drewitz,

Ulrich

et al. 2023

Clin Experimental Allergy

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“…62.5% (10 of 16) participants reporting qualitative changes during their first COVID-19 episode reported PCD after 721 days, whereas only 7.1% (1 of 14) with isolated quantitative loss during COVID-19 reported PCD after 721 days ( Figure 2 ). Predictive factors for PCD are not yet established [ 29 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], but among others, parosmia [ 34 ] and high baseline severity of smell loss [ 30 , 32 ] have been associated with long recovery periods and the development of persistent olfactory dysfunctions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Year Follow-Up on Chemosensory Dysfunction and Adaptive Immune Response after Infection with SARS-CoV-2 in a Cohort of 44 Healthcare Workers

Schambeck

Mateyka

Burrell

et al. 2022

Life

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Persistent chemosensory dysfunction (PCD) is a common symptom of long-COVID. Chemosensory dysfunction (CD) as well as SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels and CD8+ T-cell immunity were investigated in a cohort of 44 healthcare workers up to a median of 721 days after a positive PCR test. CD was assessed using questionnaires and psychophysical screening tests. After 721 days, 11 of 44 (25%) participants reported PCD, with five describing an impaired quality of life. One participant reported hyperosmia (increased sense of smell). The risk of PCD at 721 days was higher for participants reporting qualitative changes (parosmia (altered smell), dysgeusia (altered taste), or phantosmia (hallucination of smell)) during initial infection than in those with isolated quantitative losses during the first COVID-19 infection (62.5% vs. 7.1%). The main recovery rate occurred within the first 100 days and did not continue until follow-up at 2 years. No correlation was found between antibody levels and CD, but we observed a trend of a higher percentage of T-cell responders in participants with CD. In conclusion, a significant proportion of patients suffer from PCD and impaired quality of life 2 years after initial infection. Qualitative changes in smell or taste during COVID-19 pose a higher risk for PCD.

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The long-term effect of COVID-19 infection on olfaction and taste; a prospective analysis

Boldes,

Ritter,

Soudry

et al. 2024

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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Purpose To estimate long-term prognosis of chemosensory dysfunctions among patients recovering from COVID-19 disease. Methods Between April 2020 and July 2022, we conducted a prospective, observational study enrolling 48 patients who experienced smell and/or taste dysfunction during the acute-phase of COVID-19. Patients were evaluated for chemosensory function up to 24 months after disease onset. Results During the acute-phase of COVID-19, 80% of patients reported anosmia, 15% hyposmia, 63% ageusia, and 33% hypogeusia. At two years’ follow-up, 53% still experienced smell impairment, and 42% suffered from taste impairment. Moreover, 63% of patients who reported parosmia remained with olfactory disturbance. Interestingly, we found a negative correlation between visual analogue scale scores for smell and taste impairments during the acute-phase of COVID-19 and the likelihood of long-term recovery. Conclusion Our study sheds light on the natural history and long-term follow-up of chemosensory dysfunction in patients recovering from COVID-19 disease. Most patients who initially suffered from smell and/or taste disturbance did not reach full recovery after 2 years follow-up. The severity of impairment may serve as a prognostic indicator for full recovery.

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Patterns of self-reported recovery from chemosensory dysfunction following SARS-CoV-2 infection: insights after 1 year of the pandemic

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

Allergic diseases as risk factors for Long‐COVID symptoms: Systematic review of prospective cohort studies

Allergic diseases as risk factors for Long‐COVID symptoms: Systematic review of prospective cohort studies

Two-Year Follow-Up on Chemosensory Dysfunction and Adaptive Immune Response after Infection with SARS-CoV-2 in a Cohort of 44 Healthcare Workers

The long-term effect of COVID-19 infection on olfaction and taste; a prospective analysis

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