Patterns of Shedding of Human Reovirus-Like Agent in Gnotobiotic Newborn Piglets with Experimentally-Induced Diarrhea

Torres-Medina, A; Wyatt, Richard G.; Mebus, Charles A.; Underdahl, Norman R.; Kapikian, Albert Z.

doi:10.1159/000149957

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Large amounts of virus in feces were found shortly before or at the onset of diarrhea [7,8,10,11,14,21,221; the amount of virus shed in infected pigs feces exceeded the quantity of virus ingested [8]. Rotavirus was detected in infected pigs feces regardless of whether or not they had diarrhea [lS].…”

Section: LI N I Cal M a N I F Estatio N S 0 F Rotavl R U S In F Ectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Colostrum-Deprived, Artificially Reared Neonatal Pig as a Model Animal for Studying Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Gómez

1998

Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine

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H i l l and Raleigh, N o r t h Carolina, USA 0 Rotavirus gastroenteritis is one of the main causes of acute diarrhea in young humans and animals worldwide. T h e colostrum-deprived, artificially reared neonatal pig has been extensively used in our laboratov as a model animal f o r studying an experimentally induced rotaviral gastroenteritis. Details on procurement of newborn pigs, immunologic characteristics, and artificial rearing conditions of colostrumdeprived neonatal pigs as well as on rotavirus inoculation, clinical manifestations, and evaluation of intestinal damage caused by rotavirus infection are described. Our experimentally induced rotavirus gastroenteritis model has been characterized clinically by anorexia, diarrhea, occasional vomiting, and high titers of rotavirus shedding in feces. Data reported here provide additional information, particularly on feeding regimens of pigs before rotavirus inoculation, extent of anorexia, severity o f diarrhea, and extent o f fecal virus shedding, as well as on the efect of rotavirus infection and size of rotavirus inocula on intestinal damage, growth, and mortality during the postinfection period. On the basis of these results and others previously reported by us and other researchers, and because of the intestinal anatomy and physiology similarities to that of human infants, the colostrum-deprived, artificially reared neonatal pig is the most suitable and useful model animal f o r studies designed to evaluate prevention and treatment of rotaviral gastroenteritis. Gastrointestinal viral infections are common in young animals and humans and often are associated with enteritis and diarrhea [l, 21. Rotavirus infection is a major cause of severe diarrhea in children [S] as well as of neonatal diarrhea in several animal species worldwide [4]. The main characteristics of rotavirus infections have been reviewed extensively [5, 61. The need for an animal model in which to study the pathogenesis, as well as the prevention and treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis, has long been recognized [ 13. Because the porcine gastrointestinal tract and digestive physiology are very similar to that of humans, gnotobiotic [7-161 as well as conventional [17-221

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Section: LI N I Cal M a N I F Estatio N S 0 F Rotavl R U S In F Ectmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Colostrum-Deprived, Artificially Reared Neonatal Pig as a Model Animal for Studying Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Gómez

1998

Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine

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“…Although germ-free, gnotobiot ic, or speci c-pathogen free ( SPF ) pigs have been extensiv ely used as a model animal for rotaviral gastroenteritis research [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] , the required surgical procedures ( hysterectom y, hysterotom y, or cesarean section) that are perform ed on or near the 112th day of gestation [ 27,28] are expensiv e because of the specialized equipm ent, facilities, and personnel needed to undertake them. Since facilities to procure SP F pigs are not readily available, w e have been usin g naturally farrow ed, full-term gestation ( 114 -115 days) neonatal pigs [18][19][20][21][22] that are obtained under conditions that prevent or minim ize sow-acq uired, particularly rotavirus, infections.…”

Section: Procurement Of Colostrum-deprived Neonatal Pigsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hum an rotavirus isolates obtained from human infants w ith acute gastroenteritis [ 7,8,10,11,13,15,17] , porcine rotaviru s isolates [ 12,14,17,[19][20][21][22] , and calf and foal rotaviruses [ 15] have been used as inocula to infect pigs. The source of rotavirus inocula that w e have been usin g is a stock of bacteria-free fecal supernatant obtained from intestinal contents collected from rotavirus infected pigs as described by L ecce et al [ 29] .…”

Section: Rotavirus Inoculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…M id dleton et al [ 8] , using conventional pigs that w ere removed from the sow at 2 to 3 days of age and inoculated per os at 6 days of age w ith human rotavirus, reported that diarrhea began 32 h after viru s ingestion and lasted for only 24 h. I n another study [ 7] , none of the gnotobiotic pigs intranasally inoculated w it h hum an rotavirus developed any clinical signs of infection during the follow ing 3 to 4 w eeks ; however, pigs infected w ith porcine rotavirus had profuse diarrhea as early as 18 h after viral infection. Others reported diarrhea duration varying from 3 to 6 days [ 20] to 10 to 18 days [ 11,17] after rotavirus in ocu lation. I n all cases, severity of diarrhea dim inished w ith tim e after rotavirus inoculation.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Rotavirus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…L arge amounts of virus in feces w ere found shortly before or at the onset of diarrhea [ 7,8,10,11,14,21,22] ; the am ount of virus shed in infected pigs feces exceeded the quantity of virus ingested [ 8] . R otavirus w as detected in infected pigs feces regardless of w hether or not they had diarrhea [ 15] .…”

Section: Clinical Manifestations Of Rotavirus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Colostrum-Deprived, Artificially Reared Neonatal Pig as a Model Animal for Studying Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Gómez

1998

Pediatric Pathology & Molecular Medicine

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g astroenteritis is one of the main causes of acute diarrhea in young humans and animals u Rotavirus worldwide. T he colostrum-deprived, arti cially rear ed neonatal pig has been extensively used in our laborat ory as a model animal for studying an exper imentally induced rotaviral g astroenteritis. D etails on procurement of new born pig s, immunolog ic characteristics, and arti cial rearing conditions of colostrumdeprived neonatal pig s as well as on rotavirus inoculation, clinical manifestations, and evaluation of intestinal damag e caused by rotavirus inf ection are described. O ur exper imentally induced rotavirus g astroenteritis model has been characterized clinically by anor exia, diarrhea, occasional vomiting, and hig h titers of rotavirus shedding in f eces. D ata repor ted her e provide additional inf ormation, particularly on f eeding reg imens of pig s bef ore rotavirus inoculation, extent of anorex ia, severity of diarrhea, and extent of fecal virus shedding , as well as on the eÚ ect of rotavirus inf ection and size of rotavirus inocula on intestinal damag e, g rowth, and mortality during the postinfection period. O n the basis of these results and others previously reported by us and by other resear chers, and because of the intestinal anatomy and physiolog y similarities to that of human infants, the colostrum-deprived, arti cially reared neonatal pig is the most suitable and usef ul model animal f or studies desig ned to evaluate prevention and treatment of rotaviral g astroenteritis.Gastrointestinal viral infection s are comm on in young animals and hum ans and often are associa ted w ith enteritis and diarrhea [ 1, 2] . R otavirus infection is a major cau se of severe diarrhea in children [ 3] as w ell as of neonatal diarrhea in several animal species w orldwide [ 4] . The main characteristics of rotavirus infections have been review ed extensiv ely [ 5, 6] . The need for an anim al model in which to study the pathogenesis, as w ell as the prevention and treatment of rotaviru s gastroenteritis, has long been recognized [ 1] . Because the porcine gastrointestin al tract and digestiv e physiology are very sim ilar to that of hum ans, gnotobiotic [ 7-16] as well as conventional [17][18][19][20][21][22]

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Pattern of shedding of two noncultivable viruses in stools of newborn babies

Cameron

Bishop

Veenstra

et al. 1978

Journal of Medical Virology

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Noncultivable viruses have been associated with diarrhea affecting newborn babies in obstetric hospital nurseries. Persisting infection in a special care nursery in Melbourne, Australia, permitted a study of the pattern of excretion of these viruses. Ten babies admitted to the nursery within 2 hr of birth were randomly selected for prospective study. Feces were collected daily for 14 days and were examined by electron microscopy. All ten babies excreted detectable amounts of duovirus (rotavirus, HRVL agent, IGV) for at least 1 day. Age at onset of excretion varied from 2 to 13 days. Eight of the ten babies developed diarrhea. Excretion of duovirus preceded the onset of diarrhea by 12--72 hr and persisted for at least 3 days. Seven of the ten babies also excreted detectable amounts of 28-nm virus-like particle for 3--8 days. The identity of this particle is unknown. Morphologically it resembles Norwalk agent and "astrovirus." Excretion of this 28-nm particle coincided with symptoms of diarrhea in four babies, all of whom were also excreting duovirus. It is concluded that most newborn babies admitted to a nursery where duovirus infection is endemic will excrete this virus at least once during the first 2 weeks of life. Excretion of virus particles will either precede development of diarrhea or be asymptomatic. Selective isolation of babies with diarrhea is thus unlikely to control spread of duovirus infection within a hospital nursery.

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Patterns of Shedding of Human Reovirus-Like Agent in Gnotobiotic Newborn Piglets with Experimentally-Induced Diarrhea

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

The Colostrum-Deprived, Artificially Reared Neonatal Pig as a Model Animal for Studying Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

The Colostrum-Deprived, Artificially Reared Neonatal Pig as a Model Animal for Studying Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

The Colostrum-Deprived, Artificially Reared Neonatal Pig as a Model Animal for Studying Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Pattern of shedding of two noncultivable viruses in stools of newborn babies

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