Patterns of smoking in the Baltic Republics

Pudule, Iveta; Grīnberga, Daiga; Kadziauskiene, Kamelija; Abaravicius, Algis; Vaask, Sirje; Robertson, Aileen; McKee, Martin

doi:10.1136/jech.53.5.277

Cited by 57 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…Details of the survey methods have been described previously (Pudule et al, 1999). The surveys sought to include representative samples of the national population aged between 19 and 64 y (19 ± 65 in Lithuania) using the National Population Registers as the sampling frames.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macronutrient and food intake in the Baltic republics

et al. 2001

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Objective: The objective of this study was to describe mean macronutrient and food intakes in the Baltic republics, with a particular focus on fat, vegetable and fruit consumption. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Data from surveys conducted in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the summer of 1997 were used. Information was collected using a 24 h recall of dietary intake and an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Subjects: Representative national samples of adults were selected. All those with information from the dietary recall were included in the study (Estonia: n 2015; Latvia: n 2300; Lithuania: n 2094). Results: The mean proportion of energy from fat was high in each country, but particularly in Lithuania (44%) and Latvia (42%) compared with Estonia (36%). In contrast, percentage energy from carbohydrate, protein and alcohol was higher in Estonia. Mean protein intake was generally suf®cient if not high in some population sub-groups. Median vegetable intakes were very low (`200 gaday) in each country, particularly in Latvia. While 78% of the Lithuanian respondents consumed vegetables daily, this was the case in only 60% of the Latvian and 48% of the Estonian respondents. Conclusions: This study suggests that there is a pressing need to replace high-fat energy dense foods by foods rich in complex carbohydrates and dietary ®bre, such as vegetables and fruits, in the Baltic republics. This could provide the populations with a reduced risk and increased protection against non-communicable diseases. These issues will need to be tackled through comprehensive food and nutrition policies and health promotion campaigns.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macronutrient and food intake in the Baltic republics

et al. 2001

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“…37 Also, in Latvia and Lithuania, less educated people tend to smoke more compared with highly educated groups. 38 Thus, important targets of public health smoking cessation efforts are the less educated socioeconomic groups, particularly males. On the other hand, less educated women have been most frequently exposed to passive smoking in Estonia and Lithuania.…”

Section: Smoking Patterns In Candidate Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimates of cancer mortality for the year 2000 for all 10 accession countries were derived from the Globocan 2000 software and database. 13 Age-standardized mortality rates (ASRs) were calculated for all ages combined and for age groups [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] Hungary and Poland) and for age groups 20 -44, 45-64 and 65 and over (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Slovenia) for each sex separately. The World Standard Population was used for age adjustment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lung cancer mortality patterns in selected Central, Eastern and Southern European countries

Tyczynski

Bray

Aareleid

et al. 2004

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Significant changes in the prevalence of tobacco smoking have been observed in many European countries. EU candidate countries have also experienced major changes with respect to tobacco smoking, which have resulted in changes in the frequency of lung cancer. In men in the majority of these countries, a reduction of mortality rates has been observed recently, while in Hungary and Poland a deceleration of mortality increase was observed in the 1990s. The situation is much less favorable in females, where in the majority of countries a continuous increase of mortality rates has been observed, the only exceptions being Latvia, Lithuania and, to a lesser extent, Estonia. In Hungarian women, an acceleration of the increase rate was observed in the 1980s and 1990s (compared with the 1970s). Patterns of lung cancer mortality in analyzed countries are somewhat similar to those observed in EU member states. Recent analyses of time trends of lung cancer in EU countries showed, in general, a decreasing risk in the majority of male populations and an increase in several countries in women. If the decrease of mortality is to be achieved and maintained in the longer term, efforts have to be focused on young generations (entering adulthood now or in the near future). Despite all the difficulties present in reducing tobacco smoking in youth, it seems that one of the most important ways to reduce the future lung cancer burden in current and new EU member states is to strengthen efforts toward changing smoking attitudes in young generations. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: lung cancer; mortality; trends; European Union; regressionLung cancer has been a major public health issue in Europe for many years. This disease is the most frequent cause of cancer deaths in males in the majority of European countries and one of the most frequent in females. Although several studies have dealt with time trends of lung cancer in the European Union member states, relatively little has been published on lung cancer time trends in other parts of the continent. [1][2][3][4][5][6] This article aims to analyze and discuss recent changes in mortality trends in countries that are candidates for membership of the European Union.It is well known that the major risk factor for lung cancer is tobacco smoking, and that there is a relationship between the magnitude of the risk and duration and intensity of smoking, age of initiation, type of cigarettes smoked and time since smoking cessation. 7-12 All these factors influence changes in the frequency and incidence of and mortality from lung cancer in the given population.In many West European countries, decreasing trends in the prevalence of tobacco smoking in men observed since the 1960s and 1970s caused a decline in lung cancer mortality 1-2 decades later. In contrast, in many countries, increase of smoking prevalence in women caused an increase in mortality from lung cancer.Similar changes in smoking patterns were observed in the 1980s and 1990s in the majority of the EU accession countries. It implies...

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“…12 Furthermore, the absolute number of elderly smokers are likely to increase as a consequence of global aging population. 8 Most studies, but not all, 1,24 have found that smoking is more frequent among men with lower socioeconomic condition and little formal education. 11 The objective of the present study was to describe the smoking habit of older adults living in the community and to examine the factors associated with current and past smoking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated to smoking habit among older adults (The Bambuí Health and Aging Study)

2005

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ObjectiveTo describe the characteristics and associated factors of the smoking habit among older adults. Methods A population-based study was carried out comprising 1,606 (92.2%) older adults (≥60 years old) living in the Bambuí town, Southeastern Brazil in 1997. Data was obtained by means of interview and socio-demographic factors, health status, physical functioning, use of healthcare services and medication were considered. The multiple multinomial logistic regression was used to assess independent associations between smoking habits (current and former smokers) and the exploratory variables. ResultsThe prevalence of current and past smoking was 31.4% and 40.2% among men, and 10.3% and 11.2% among women, respectively (p<0.001). Among current smokers, men consumed a larger number of cigarettes per day and started the habit earlier than women. Among men, current smoking presented independent and negative association with age (≥80 years) and schooling (≥8 years) and positive association with poor health perception and not being married. Among women, independent and negative associations with current smoking were observed for age (75-79 and ≥80 years) and schooling (4-7 and ≥8 years). ConclusionsSmoking was a public health concern among older adults in the studied community, particularly for men. Yet, in a low schooling population, a slightly higher level was a protective factor against smoking for both men and women. Programs for reducing smoking in the elderly population should take these findings into consideration. Resumo Objetivo

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Patterns of smoking in the Baltic Republics

Abstract: (J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:277-282)

Cited by 57 publications

References 5 publications

Macronutrient and food intake in the Baltic republics

Macronutrient and food intake in the Baltic republics

Lung cancer mortality patterns in selected Central, Eastern and Southern European countries

Factors associated to smoking habit among older adults (The Bambuí Health and Aging Study)

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