Patterns of trade in third‐millennium BC Mesopotamia and Iran

Potts, Timothy

doi:10.1080/00438243.1993.9980215

Cited by 40 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The expansion of long‐distance trade can be attributed to the changing copper routes. Copper, a necessary material for Mesopotamia, was now no longer imported from Iran, but from Oman (Potts TF 1993: 391). Due to this dense trading network, cities like Qal’at al‐Bahrain and the settlements on Failaka Island (notably F6) became very important players in long‐distance trade, functioning as trade ports.…”

Section: The Persian Gulf From 2200 Bc Onwardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of bitumen trade in the Near East from the Neolithic (c.8000 BC) to the early Islamic period

Connan¹,

Velde²

2010

Arab Archaeol Epigr

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The aim of the paper is to summarise the present state of knowledge concerning bitumen trade in the Near East from the Palaeolithic (70,000 BP) to the Early Islamic period. During the Palaeolithic and Early Neolithic period, bitumen utilisation was mostly concentrated in settlements close to oil seeps. From the Ubaid 3 period, bitumen from the Mosul area became more important and was traded as far as the southern Persian Gulf. The Uruk period is a turning point for Mesopotamian history as settlements evolved into city‐states. These cities had a great need for raw materials, and this marks the beginning of large‐scale exploitation of Hit bitumen. This bitumen was traded at settlements along the Euphrates, where a large trade network was established. Hit bitumen entered the Persian Gulf at the turn of the second millennium (Dilmun period). Bitumen from Iraq (Mosul and Hit) became predominantly used in most settlements along the southern coast of the Gulf. During this period Iranian bitumen was also exported and this supply tended to increase, especially during the Partho‐Sasanian period. Dead Sea bitumen had its own exchange network, which was concentrated across present‐day Israel and Egypt where it was extensively used for mummification.

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Section: The Persian Gulf From 2200 Bc Onwardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of bitumen trade in the Near East from the Neolithic (c.8000 BC) to the early Islamic period

Connan¹,

Velde²

2010

Arab Archaeol Epigr

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“…Also, there are indications that building materials (Ferrara ) were imported through the Persian Gulf and might have come from Oman, as was the case with Omani Cu, dioritic and gabbroid rocks, traded via the island of Bahrain (e.g., Cornwall ; Begemann et al . ; Potts ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Henderson et al . ; Potts ; Pulak ). It was proposed that while Iran and Oman were important early source areas, there was a change in metal supply to Cypriot (Begemann et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing the provenance of archaeological glaze colorants: Polychrome faunal reliefs of the Ishtar Gate and the Processional Way of Babylon

et al. 2019

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The polychrome glazes from the Processional Way and the Ishtar Gate of Babylon are among the best preserved from antiquity. Yet, little is known about the logistical choices involved in their production. Variations in isotope ratios can be useful for complementing an archaeological investigation of potential geological sources of raw materials. Consistent with archaeological evidence and ancient texts on trade in metals, Turkish ore deposits are thus tentatively proposed as possible sources of the metal oxide colorants used for the investigated polychrome glazes of three Neo-Babylonian faunal reliefs that are now part of the collection of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.

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“…Archaeologists have long researched trade and cultural contacts between Mesopotamia and Iran (Algaze 1989;Lukonin et. al 1993;Matthews and Fazeli 2004;Potts 1993;Zadok 1976). 1 These contacts were established very early in history, and during the Chalcolithic period in Mesopotamia and Iran (c.6000-4000 B.C.E.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CHALCOLITHIC CERAMIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN MESOPOTAMIA AND IRAN, c.5900–5100 b.c.e.

Sharp¹,

Kaercher²

2018

Iraq

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The Chalcolithic period in Mesopotamia and Iran (c.6000–4000 b.c.e.) is characterised by larger cities replacing small farming settlements, technological developments including wheel thrown pottery and copper metal working, and people establishing long distance trade networks. The Halaf horizon (5900–5100 b.c.e.) developed out of the local late pottery Neolithic tradition and is found throughout western Syria, southern Turkey, and northern and central Iraq. This archaeological culture is defined by a finely painted pottery, dryland farming, round and rectangular houses, and the use of stamp seals. A comparable ceramic horizon, the J-ware horizon (5200–4700 b.c.e.) arose in the Mahidasht and Kermanshah valleys of Iran. The J-ware ceramics are finely painted, possibly deriving from the Halaf tradition, but also slipped and burnished. The Rowanduz Archaeological Program's (RAP) excavations elucidate links between northern Iraq and northern Iran from the Chalcolithic to the modern period. This paper explores the relationship between the Halaf and J-ware traditions at Banahilk, recently re-excavated by RAP, and the larger contacts during the Chalcolithic.

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Patterns of trade in third‐millennium BC Mesopotamia and Iran

Cited by 40 publications

References 24 publications

An overview of bitumen trade in the Near East from the Neolithic (c.8000 BC) to the early Islamic period

An overview of bitumen trade in the Near East from the Neolithic (c.8000 BC) to the early Islamic period

Probing the provenance of archaeological glaze colorants: Polychrome faunal reliefs of the Ishtar Gate and the Processional Way of Babylon

CHALCOLITHIC CERAMIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN MESOPOTAMIA AND IRAN, c.5900–5100 b.c.e.

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