Patterns of willow seed dispersal, seed entrapment, and seedling establishment in a heavily browsed montane riparian ecosystem

Gage, Edward A.; Cooper, David J.

doi:10.1139/b05-042

Cited by 64 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Maximum willow seed dispersal distances of 2-3 km are much longer than for birch and alder (Schirmer 2006). For this reason, Gage & Cooper (2005) always adopted a background level (i.e., "noise") of 10-30 seeds per m 2 . Nevertheless, the largest densities of deposited seeds were measured at distances of between 30-50 m from willow seed trees (Gage & Cooper 2005 - Fig.…”

Section: Iforest -Biogeosciences and Forestrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil seed banks of pioneer tree species in European temperate forests: a review

Tiebel¹,

Huth²,

Wagner³

2018

iForest

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The ability of short-lived tree species such as birch, alder, willow, poplar and rowan to form even a short-term soil seed bank is discussed controversially in the literature. Soil seed banks are an important component of succession and regeneration in ecosystems. Following disturbance, buried viable seeds germinate and the seedlings that establish cover the disturbed, exposed soil surfaces. The objective of this study was to review the literature on soil seed bank research carried out in central and north-west European temperate forests to provide an overview of the ability of pioneer tree species to form a viable seed bank. The review of 33 publications revealed that birch is the only pioneer tree species of temperate forests with longer-lived seeds, persisting in the soil for 1-5 years. Birch seeds remain viable in deeper soil layers (5-10 cm), so birch may be assigned to the short-term persistent soil seed bank type. The seeds of alder, willow and poplar would appear to be short-lived. Maximum seed densities of all tree species were found in the upper soil layers. With increasing soil depth, seed density declined. Viable seeds of rowan were not detected in any of the soil seed bank studies, although seed trees were present. We found that in spite of the capacity for long seed dispersal distances, high densities of birch, alder and willow seeds were only observed in close proximity to seed trees. The higher the numbers of seed trees, the higher the seed densities in soils. Maximum seed densities were recorded during and shortly after seed rains had occurred. Our results reveal that a birch seed bank may compensate for years of low seed production levels. However, as the seed bank is only short-term persistent, it must be supplemented by fresh seeds from surrounding seed trees as often as possible to guarantee a continuous capacity for regeneration.

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Section: Iforest -Biogeosciences and Forestrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil seed banks of pioneer tree species in European temperate forests: a review

Tiebel¹,

Huth²,

Wagner³

2018

iForest

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“…Null 2, in contrast, allows species' prevalence to impact their likelihood of colonization. We hypothesized that willow and poplar species are not dispersal limited because their seeds are readily dispersed by wind and water (Gage and Cooper 2005), but we included Null 2 to serve as a more conservative test of community assembly. One drawback of Null 2 is that it is insensitive to situations where rare species (e.g., habitat specialists) co-occur in low species rich communities (Helmus et al 2007).…”

Section: Community Null Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat specialization and the role of trait lability in structuring diverse willow (genusSalix) communities

Savage

Cavender‐Bares

2012

Ecology

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Abstract. The co-occurrence of closely related species is challenging to explain because biotic filters are expected to limit the ecological similarity of species within communities. To investigate the mechanisms important in facilitating species' co-occurrence in diverse willow and poplar communities, we examined functional diversity and community phylogenetic structure along a hydrologic gradient. We focused on traits related to drought tolerance, leaf hydraulics, and recruitment, and examined species' phylogenetic relatedness and trait lability using a molecular phylogeny. Within habitats, species exhibited phenotypic clustering, and across the landscape, species distributions were correlated with their functional traits in a manner consistent with environmental filtering. With increasing water availability, communities changed from being phylogenetically even to being phylogenetically clustered. We suggest that this shift results from environmental filtering acting on conserved traits in wet habitats and labile traits in dry habitats. Taken together, these results suggest that environmental filtering is important to community assembly along the entire hydrologic gradient within this system. Although many of the traits important to habitat specialization in upland habitats are phylogenetically labile, species' habitat affinity is phylogenetically conserved overall, indicating that niche conservatism can occur as an emergent property despite trait lability. This study demonstrates the complementary nature of trait and community phylogenetic analyses and how these methods can be used to better understand the processes involved in community assembly along environmental gradients.

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“…It is unclear how many of Rood et al 's (2003) vegetative propagules were a result of beaver forage; as such, detailed comparisons cannot be made to S. sitchensis. Cooper et al (2005) also examined rooted beaver forage and concluded that beaver browse played no role in willow reproduction in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado.…”

Section: Asexual Reproduction Through Branch Fragments Was Observed Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Cooper et al (2005) reported that few beaver dams were being built, as the population had declined substantially over the past 60 years. The impact of beaver on willow reproduction may have been minimal as foraging activity would be slight or non-existent.…”

Section: Asexual Reproduction Through Branch Fragments Was Observed Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barsoum (2002) showed that only 12% of translocated willow fragments originated from beaver forage, although the majority of vegetative reproduction in Populus nigra on sandbars was placed there by beavers. Other studies have shown that 0% -7% of mature willow and cottonwoods originated from beaver browse (Rood et al 2003;Cooper et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Reproductive ecology of the Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis ).

Gerwing¹

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Patterns of willow seed dispersal, seed entrapment, and seedling establishment in a heavily browsed montane riparian ecosystem

Cited by 64 publications

References 53 publications

Soil seed banks of pioneer tree species in European temperate forests: a review

Soil seed banks of pioneer tree species in European temperate forests: a review

Habitat specialization and the role of trait lability in structuring diverse willow (genusSalix) communities

Reproductive ecology of the Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis ).

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