Patulin - a contaminant of Food and Feed : A review

Zbyňovská, Katarína; Petruška, Peter; Kalafová, Anna; Capcarová, Marcela

doi:10.15414/afz.2016.19.02.64-67

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Patulin, which is normally found in fruits and vegetables, particularly apple and its products [28,29,30], was quantified in a single sample of omalodu (average = 57.7 µg/kg) and only two samples of otombo malts (average = 183.1 ± 143.2 µg/kg). However, the average concentrations for omalodu and otombo malts were higher than those fixed by the EU at 50 µg/kg for patulin in apple juice.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation of Fungal Metabolites in Sorghum Malts Used to Prepare Namibian Traditional Fermented Beverages Omalodu and Otombo

Nafuka

Misihairabgwi

Böck

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Sorghum malts, which are important ingredients in traditional fermented beverages, are commonly infected by mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins may transfer into the beverages, risking consumers’ health. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine variation of fungal metabolites in 81 sorghum malts processed for brewing of Namibian beverages, otombo (n = 45) and omalodu (n = 36). Co-occurrence of European Union (EU)-regulated mycotoxins, such as patulin, aflatoxins (B1, B2, and G2), and fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) was detected in both malts with a prevalence range of 2–84%. Aflatoxin B1 was quantified in omalodu (44%) and otombo malts (14%), with 20% of omalodu malts and 40% of otombo malts having levels above the EU allowable limit. Fumonisin B1 was quantified in both omalodu (84%) and otombo (42%) malts. Emerging mycotoxins, aflatoxin precursors, and ergot alkaloids were quantified in both malts. Notably, 102 metabolites were quantified in both malts, with 96% in omalodu malts and 93% in otombo malts. An average of 48 metabolites were quantified in otombo malts while an average of 67 metabolites were quantified in omalodu malts. The study accentuates the need to monitor mycotoxins in sorghum malts intended for brewing and to determine their fate in the beverages.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation of Fungal Metabolites in Sorghum Malts Used to Prepare Namibian Traditional Fermented Beverages Omalodu and Otombo

Nafuka

Misihairabgwi

Böck

et al. 2019

Toxins

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“…metabolism [serves as a late intermediate in aflatoxin biosynthesis (Viegas et al 2018;Díaz-Nieto et al 2018)]. Patulin was found in a dairy cattle samples, which may be related to the inclusion within these feed formulations of citrus pulps (Zbyňovská et al 2016); this toxin is usually related to fruits. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of toxin metabolites, including HT-2 (6.38-303.22 μg kg − 1 ), 3-acetoxydeoxynivalenol (1.88-3236.56 μg kg − 1 ), were found.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

et al. 2019

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Background: When present in animal feedstuff, mycotoxins contaminants and antibiotic residues can have negative implications for animal production and Public Health, including the transmission of carcinogenic compounds and the selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria, respectively. So far there are no available methods in which both mycotoxins and antibiotic residues are analyzed using a parallel extraction approach. To address this issue, we developed a LC/MS methodology with high sensitivity (0.005 to 6.42 and 24.55 to 132.73 μg kg − 1 for mycotoxins and antimicrobials) and specificity (unique target ion mass/charge) that allows the detection of 26 mycotoxins and 23 antibiotic residues in animal feedstuff and validated it through the determination of these analytes in 294 animal feed and feed ingredient samples in the framework of a country-wide surveillance program. Two hundred and five of these samples were analyzed for mycotoxins and 89 for antibiotics. Findings: Fumonisin was the most frequently toxin found, with FB 1 and FB 2 presenting prevalences of 50 and 52% and maximum concentrations of 14,927.61 and 8646.67 μg kg − 1 , respectively. Other toxins, including diacetoxyscirpenol n = 4/101 (3.96%), fusarenon-X n = 2/101 (1.98%), citrinin n = 2 (1.98%), and patulin n = 1 (0.99%) were rarely found. Toxicologically relevant concentrations of toxin metabolites, such as HT-2 (6.38-485.49 μg kg − 1) and 3−/15acetoxydeoxynivalenol (877.89-3236.56/5.44-1685.3 μg kg − 1), were also found. Few samples exceeded threshold mycotoxin concentrations defined in current EU guidelines. Dairy cattle and swine feeds included the higher number of samples exceeding guideline values (n = 6 and n = 5, respectively). From the total of samples analysed for antibiotics, 7.7% (n = 7/89) were classified as medicated for poultry and pigs. Unexpectedly, 57% of these medicated samples contained no detectable antibiotics (n = 4/7). The remaining 43% of the samples (n = 3/7) presented inconsistencies regarding the concentration of analytes declared on the labels or the antibiotics found. Likewise 74.6% (n = 50/67) of the non-medicated feed samples analyzed had antibiotic residues. Additionally, we analyzed commercial monensin standards for purity and evaluate batch-to-batch flushing feed industry practices. Conclusions: Herein we report the results for a year-wide analysis for mycotoxins and antibiotics in feed samples. Mycotoxins, several metabolites, and the occurrence of these emerging contaminants were evaluated and antibiotic residues in non-medicated feed samples were found using a targeted MS-based LC approach. This validated multianalyte method is expected to facilitate the monitoring and surveillance of contaminants, from natural and anthropogenic origin, in animal feed.

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“…Aflatoxins are the most widespread group of mycotoxins that are primarily found in cereals, oilseeds [ 10 , 15 ], tree nuts, spices, and milk and dairy products [ 1 , 17 ]. Ochratoxin is another common mycotoxin produced during the storage of different crops such as cereal crops, nuts and dried fruits [ 6 , 12 , 22 ] whereas patulin is common in fruit and vegetable-based products, mostly apples [ 23 , 24 ]. Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is the most potent natural product that is classified as group A carcinogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ochratoxin A (OTA) is classified as group 2B-possible human carcinogen while there is no adequate information related for the carcinogenicity of patulin in experimental animals conducted and no evaluation of the carcinogenicity of patulin to humans. Therefore, patulin is classified as group 3 on the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification [ 10 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and Future Opportunities of Omics Tools in Mycotoxin Research

Eshelli

Qader

Jambi

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of low molecular weight produced by filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of agricultural commodities and their prevalence may increase due to global warming. Dangerous mycotoxins cause a variety of health problems not only for humans, but also for animals. For instance, they possess carcinogenic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and neurotoxic effects. Hence, various approaches have been used to assess and control mycotoxin contamination. Significant challenges still exist because of the complex heterogeneous nature of food composition. The potential of combined omics approaches such as metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics would contribute to our understanding about pathogen fungal crosstalk as well as strengthen our ability to identify, isolate, and characterise mycotoxins pre and post-harvest. Multi-omics approaches along with advanced analytical tools and chemometrics provide a complete annotation of such metabolites produced before/during the contamination of crops. We have assessed the merits of these individual and combined omics approaches and their promising applications to mitigate the issue of mycotoxin contamination. The data included in this review focus on aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and patulin and would be useful as benchmark information for future research.

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Patulin - a contaminant of Food and Feed : A review

Cited by 14 publications

References 26 publications

Variation of Fungal Metabolites in Sorghum Malts Used to Prepare Namibian Traditional Fermented Beverages Omalodu and Otombo

Variation of Fungal Metabolites in Sorghum Malts Used to Prepare Namibian Traditional Fermented Beverages Omalodu and Otombo

Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

Current Status and Future Opportunities of Omics Tools in Mycotoxin Research

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