PAUSE RELATIONSHIPS IN MULTIPLE AND CHAINED FIXED‐RATIO SCHEDULES<sup>1</sup>

Crossman, Edward K.

doi:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-117

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…), there has been relatively little systematic study of rate changes resulting from omission of reinforcement in a free-operant situation. Rate increases after non-reinforcement have been observed in monkeys (Davenport and Thompson, 1965), in pigeons Innis, 1966, 1969;Crossman, 1968;Hamm and Zimmerman, 1967), and in rats (Staddon and Innis, 1969). In these experiments, rate in a schedule component after non-reinforcement was usually higher than rate in a component after reinforcement.…”

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confidence: 83%

Rate Changes After Unscheduled Omission and Presentation of Reinforcement

Zimmerman

1971

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Changes in response rate similar to frustration effects were studied in a two-lever situation. Responding on one lever on a fixed-interval schedule produced access to water for 5 sec and an exteroceptive stimulus. In the presence of this stimulus, responding on another lever on a fixed-interval schedule produced access to water for 5 sec and terminated the stimulus. Occasional omission of a previously scheduled reinforcer after responding on the first lever resulted consistently in increases in rate on the second lever during the immediately succeeding interval. In another procedure, occasional presentation of a previously unscheduled reinforcer after responding on the first lever resulted consistently in decreases in rate on the second lever during the immediately succeeding interval. Changes occurred after the first omissions or presentations and were about the same in magnitude as the procedure continued over several sessions. Typically, an increase or decrease in rate was maintained throughout an entire 100-sec interval. Changes in rate on the second lever of approximately the same magnitude also occurred when rate on the first lever was nearzero under a schedule that differentially reinforced behavior other than lever pressing.Although frustration effects have been studied extensively in the double-alley runway situation (Amsel and Roussel, 1952;Amsel, 1958; etc.), there has been relatively little systematic study of rate changes resulting from omission of reinforcement in a free-operant situation. Rate increases after non-reinforcement have been observed in monkeys (Davenport and Thompson, 1965), in pigeons Innis, 1966, 1969;Crossman, 1968;Hamm and Zimmerman, 1967), and in rats (Staddon and Innis, 1969). In these experiments, rate in a schedule component after non-reinforcement was usually higher than rate in a component after reinforcement. Staddon and Innis (1969) identified the effect in fixed-interval schedules (Fl 2-min) as decreases in the time before the occurrence of the first response after omission of reinforcement.An opposite procedure, presentation of a previously unscheduled reinforcer, has not been investigated systematically, although in the above studies rate sometimes decreased abruptly in periods just after reinforcement. An example of an omission procedure is a change from a multiple to a chained schedule. 'Reprints may be obtained from the author, Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa 1, Canada. Reinforcement that has occurred regularly in one schedule component is omitted, and rate during the next period in the other component is recorded. The opposite procedure is represented by a change from a chained to a multiple schedule. Reinforcement that has occurred regularly only after completion of both components of a chain can be presented after the initial component, and change in rate in the second component can be recorded.The present experiment, using a two-lever situation, examined rate changes resulting from both omission of a previously scheduled reinforcer and...

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Rate Changes After Unscheduled Omission and Presentation of Reinforcement

Zimmerman

1971

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…In Ferster and Skinner's (1957) terminology, these were percentage reinforcement experiments; in second-order schedule terminology, they involved the reinforcement of fixed-interval behavior according to variable-ratio schedules. Previous research has studied fixed-ratio and variable-interval behavior under a range of percentage reinforcement conditions (Crossman, 1968;Ferster and Skinner, 1957;McMillan, 1971), but there are few comparable data with fixed-interval sched-177 1972,17,[177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189] NUMBER 2 (MARCH) ules. Staddon and Innis (1969) investigated percentage reinforcement with fixed-interval sclhedules but used only a condition in which 75% of the intervals ended with food presentation, while Neuringer (1968) studied a range of percentages but used a very short fixedinterval schedule (FI 5-sec) and did not report data on the patterning of responses.…”

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FIXED‐INTERVAL BEHAVIOR: EFFECTS OF PERCENTAGE REINFORCEMENT¹

Zeiler

1972

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The percentage of fixed intervals terminating with food presentation was varied parametrically. Intervals that did not end with food were terminated by a stimulus uncorrelated with food presentation (a timeout stimulus). In Experiment I, the pigeons' response rates were an inverted U-shaped function of the percentage of food presentations: decreasing the percentage from 100% to 90%, 70%, or 50%0 produced an increase in response rates; lower percentages decreased the rates. The patterns of responding in the 100% condition differed from those of the other conditions. In Experiment II, the chamber was darkened after food presentations and timeouts. Response rate was directly related to the percentage of food presentations: decreasing the percentage decreased the response rate.Characteristic fixed-interval patterns of responding were maintained as long as there were occasional food presentations; pausing followed by positively-accelerated responding occurred in percentage conditions ranging from 7% to 100%. The ability to maintain fixed-interval performance with percentage reinforcement suggested that the behavioral sequences occurring in each interval may operate as unitary responses.A simple fixed-interval (FI) schedule specifies that reinforcement follows the first response occurring a constant time period after the preceding reinforcement. It is also possible to reinforce fixed-interval behavior intermittently instead of every time an interval is completed. In a second-order schedule involving fixed-interval components, only occasionally does the completion of a fixed interval terminate in food presentation. For example, Kelleher (1966) presented food after every thirtieth fixed interval; this is a second-order schedule having fixed-interval components reinforced according to a fixed-ratio (FR 30) schedule.A consistent finding with second-order schedules has been that if each fixed interval ends with a brief stimulus paired with food presentation, responding is similar to that occurring when food follows every interval (Byrd and Marr, 1969;de Lorge, 1967;Kelleher, 1966;Marr, 1969;Stubbs, 1969). Namely, a pause at the outset of each interval is followed by a positively accelerated rate of responding. If, however, the brief stimulus is not paired ' (1969) found that pigeons paused after food presentation but did not do so after the presentation of a brief nonpaired stimulus. Neuringer and Chung (1967) and Stubbs (1971), however, found that a stimulus did not have to be paired with food presentation to maintain pausing and positive acceleration. A stimulus uncorrelated with food presentation had effects identical to that of food in controlling the rate and pattern of responding.The discrepancy between Neuringer and Chung's and Stubbs' and the other data indicates the importance of obtaining further information about the effects of stimuli not paired with food presentation. The present experiments studied such a procedure by varying the relative number of fixed intervals ending with food and with a stimulus not p...

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“…Crossman (1968) compared pauses between multiple and chained FR FR schedules. Pre-FR 10 pauses were shorter than pre-FR 100 pauses in multiple schedules.…”

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confidence: 99%

Temporal control in chained fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedules.

Todorov¹,

Couto²,

Carvalho³

2013

Psychology & Neuroscience

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Four rats were subjected to chained fixed-ratio (FR), fixed-interval (FI) schedules of reinforcement (chain FR 5 FI). A FR schedule at one lever produced a discriminative stimulus (i.e., light) associated with an FI schedule of primary reinforcement (water) at the second response lever. The FR schedule was kept constant, whereas the FI length was changed from 10 to 60 s under five different experimental conditions. Increases in the FI length resulted in increases in pre-ratio pauses, but pauses in the FI tended to be a constant percentage of FI length. Data from this experiment indicate that pre-ratio pauses are also a function of the interreinforcement interval (IRI). Data from three experiments with chained FR 5 FI 60-s schedules indicate that pausing in the FI component of chained FR FI schedules with the FI as the second component of the chain may tend to disappear as the IRI duration increases.

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PAUSE RELATIONSHIPS IN MULTIPLE AND CHAINED FIXED‐RATIO SCHEDULES¹

Cited by 28 publications

References 10 publications

Rate Changes After Unscheduled Omission and Presentation of Reinforcement

Rate Changes After Unscheduled Omission and Presentation of Reinforcement

FIXED‐INTERVAL BEHAVIOR: EFFECTS OF PERCENTAGE REINFORCEMENT¹

Temporal control in chained fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedules.

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PAUSE RELATIONSHIPS IN MULTIPLE AND CHAINED FIXED‐RATIO SCHEDULES1

Cited by 28 publications

References 10 publications

Rate Changes After Unscheduled Omission and Presentation of Reinforcement

Rate Changes After Unscheduled Omission and Presentation of Reinforcement

FIXED‐INTERVAL BEHAVIOR: EFFECTS OF PERCENTAGE REINFORCEMENT1

Temporal control in chained fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedules.

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PAUSE RELATIONSHIPS IN MULTIPLE AND CHAINED FIXED‐RATIO SCHEDULES¹

FIXED‐INTERVAL BEHAVIOR: EFFECTS OF PERCENTAGE REINFORCEMENT¹