“…The holistic approach was associated foremost with Claude Bernard (1813-1878) in Paris, who instructed Tsion, who took Bernard's theory and methods to St. Petersburg where he mentored the young Pavlov. Pavlov adapted this holistic orientation and the new experimental methods to discover the conditioned reflex, which was mediated in the brain (Clark, 2022a). To understand the history of the American assimilation of experimental psychology, it is important to understand the 19th century meaning of function.…”