The paper examines the types and role of carbon management control systems by analysing in-depth interviews undertaken with 38 individuals from 30 organizations that use carbon management control systems. The paper identifies the different types of carbon controls, and the internal and external uses and objectives of controls. Carbon controls can be used to achieve compliance or improve performance, and organizations can focus on different objectives at different times. The findings suggest that emissions reductions do not occur without absolute (as opposed to intensity) reduction targets, management support, and resource allocation for carbon management. The findings further suggest that firms that want to improve performance or manage compliance costs effectively will require the integration of carbon controls into operational and strategic processes. A framework is developed that managers and researchers can use as an implementation guide or a research framework. The framework highlights three elements that were found to be critical to ensure control effectiveness, namely managerial communication, quality of information, and employee perceptions. The evidence suggests that communication of carbon information through appropriate channels and language, as well as high quality of carbon information are essential to ensure positive employee perceptions and buy-in, which will contribute to effective carbon reduction. KEY WORDS Management control systems; Carbon emissions; Carbon controls; Carbon management control systems Low High Operational integration Low High Strategic integration Group A Low integration Group B Low Medium Group C High Medium Group D Medium High Group E Full integration 55 min Capacity analyst Key: G1: public sector organization no. 1; C4: private sector company no. 4 *Many local councils and government agencies oversee ETS regulated activities, such as forestry, waste management, heating, and transport.