PBDEs in US and German clothes dryer lint: A potential source of indoor contamination and exposure

Schecter, Arnold; Shah, Nirav; Colacino, Justin A.; Brummitt, Sharon I.; Ramakrishnan, Vijayalakshmi; Harris, T. Robert; Päpke, Olaf

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.017

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Previous analyses of consumer goods, especially plastics, have involved the pulverisation of samples before extraction to improve recoveries [25][26][27][28][29][30]34]. This study investigated pulverisation as a necessary step in extraction.…”

Section: Optimisation Of Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, there are only a handful of studies that have measured BFRs in textiles including those of Kajiwara et al [27,28], which involved soaking samples in DCM for 2 days, followed by dilution before analysis. Other studies involve a combination of vortexing and ultrasonication extraction, followed by florisil clean-up [29] and 24 h Soxhlet extraction combined with ultrasonication, followed by multi-silica column clean-up [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A rapid method for the determination of brominated flame retardant concentrations in plastics and textiles entering the waste stream

Abdallah

Drage

Sharkey

et al. 2017

J of Separation Science

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Due to new European legislation, products going to waste are subject to 'low persistent organic pollutant concentration limits'. Concentrations of restricted brominated flame retardants in waste products must be determined. A rapid extraction and clean-up method was developed for determination of brominated flame retardants in various plastics and textiles. The optimised method used vortexing and ultrasonication in dichloromethane followed by sulfuric acid clean-up to determine target compounds. Poly-brominated diphenyl ethers were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and hexabromocyclododecane by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Good recoveries of target analytes were obtained after three extraction cycles. The method was validated using poly-propylene and poly-ethylene certified reference materials as well as previously characterised textiles, expanded and extruded poly-styrene samples. Measured concentrations of target compounds showed good agreement with the certified values indicating good accuracy and precision. Clean extracts provided low noise levels resulting in low limits of quantification (0.8-1.5 ng/g for poly-brominated diphenyl ethers and 0.3 ng/g for α-, β- and γ-hexabromocyclododecane). The developed method was applied successfully to real consumer products entering the waste stream and it provided various advantages over traditional methods, including reduced analysis time, solvent consumption, minimal sample contamination and high sample throughput, which is crucial to comply with the implemented legislation.

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Section: Optimisation Of Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rapid method for the determination of brominated flame retardant concentrations in plastics and textiles entering the waste stream

Abdallah

Drage

Sharkey

et al. 2017

J of Separation Science

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“…In two studies in the United States levels were 58–2890 ng/g (n=5) (Stapleton et al 2005) and 56–2149 ng/g (n=12) (Schecter et al 2009). Comparable levels (17–2035 ng/g; n=7) were also found in Germany (Schecter et al 2009). …”

Section: Occurrence and Body Burden Of Bde-209mentioning

confidence: 99%

Is decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) a developmental neurotoxicant?

2011

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Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. The relatively higher body burden in toddlers and children has reaised concern for their potential developmental neurotoxicity, which has been suggested by animal studies, in vitro experiments, and recent human epidemiological evidence. While lower brominated PBDEs have been banned in several countries, the fully brominated decaBDE (BDE-209) is still utilized, though manufacturers will discontinue production in the U.S.A. in 2013. The recent decision by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to base the Reference Dose (RfD) for BDE-209 on a developmental neurotoxicity study has generated some controversy. Because of its bulky configuration, BDE-209 is poorly absorbed and does not easily penetrate the cell wall. Its acute and chronic toxicities are relatively low, with the liver and the thyroid as the primary targets, though there is some evidence of carcinogenicity. A few animal studies have indicated that BDE-209 may cause developmental neurotoxicity, affecting motor and cognitive domains, as seen for other PBDEs. Limited in vivo and in vitro studies have also evidenced effects of BDE-209 on thyroid hormone homeostasis and direct effects on nervous cells, again similar to what found with other lower brominated PBDEs. In contrast, a recent developmental neurotoxicity study, carried out according to international guidelines, has provided no evidence of adverse effects on neurodevelopment, and this should be considered in a future re-evaluation of BDE-209. While estimated exposure to BDE-209 in children is believed to be several orders of magnitude below the most conservative RfD proposed by the USEPA, questions remain on the extent and relevance of BDE-209 metabolism to lower brominated PBDEs in the environment and in humans.

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“…The following exposure pathways have been identified as the main routes via which PBDEs can enter the human body: diet [9][10][11][12][13][14], dust [15][16][17][18], and air [19][20][21][22][23][24]. Of all the pathways, dust appears to be the most common.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in car dust in Nigeria: Concentrations and implications for non-dietary human exposure

Olukunle

Okonkwo

Wase

et al. 2015

Microchemical Journal

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PBDEs in US and German clothes dryer lint: A potential source of indoor contamination and exposure

Cited by 29 publications

References 33 publications

A rapid method for the determination of brominated flame retardant concentrations in plastics and textiles entering the waste stream

A rapid method for the determination of brominated flame retardant concentrations in plastics and textiles entering the waste stream

Is decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) a developmental neurotoxicant?

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in car dust in Nigeria: Concentrations and implications for non-dietary human exposure

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