PCDD/F, PAH and heavy metals in the sewage sludge from six wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China

Dai, Jiayin; Xu, Muqi; Chen, Jiping; Yang, Xiao; Ke, Zhenshan

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.072

Cited by 187 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In this study, Ph/An, Flu/Pyr, An/An + Ph, BaA/BaA + Chr, and InP/InP + BghiP ratios indicated both pyrogenic and petrogenic origins of PAHs in soils. Our results are consistent with previous data measured by Dai et al (2006) and Tang et al (2006).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…2 The bioaccessibility of total PAHs in soils from (a) Tianjin and (b) Beijing in both gastric and small intestinal conditions: the asterisks indicate significant differences in bioaccessibility of PAHs between contaminated-soil and reference soil at *P≤0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001, respectively about the emission sources (Sanders et al 2002). The ratios of Ph/An, Flu/Pyr, An/An + Ph, BaA/BaA + Chr, and InP/ InP + BghiP were used to form molecular indices (Colombo et al 1989;Baumard et al 1998;Dai et al 2006). In general, Ph is more thermochemically stable than An, so that the low temperature molar fraction of Ph produced is much higher than that of An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

Khan

Cao

Lin

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Background, aim, and scope Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental contaminants and contribute to the pollution of soil environment. Soil ingestion is of increasing concern for assessing health risk from PAH-contaminated soils because soil ingestion is one of the potentially important pathways of exposure to environmental pollutants, particularly relevant for children playing at contaminated sites due to their hand-to-mouth activities. In vitro gastro-intestinal tests imitate the human digestive tract, based on the physiology of humans, generally more simple, less time-consuming, and especially more reproducible than animal tests. This study was conducted to investigate the level of PAH contamination and oral bioaccessibility in surface soils, using physiologically based in vitro gastro-intestinal tests regarding both gastric and small intestinal conditions. Materials and methods Wastewater-irrigated soils were sampled from the metropolitan areas of Beijing and Tianjin, China, which were highly contaminated with PAHs. Reference soil samples were also collected for comparisons. At each site, four soils were sampled in the upper horizon at the depth of 0-20 cm randomly and were bulked together to form one composite sample. PAH concentrations and origin were investigated and a physiologically based in vitro test was conducted using all analytical grade reagents. Linear regression model was used to assess the relationship between total PAH concentrations in soils and soil organic carbon (SOC). Results A wide range of total PAH concentrations ranging from 1,304 to 3,369 μg kg -1 in soils collected from different wastewater-irrigated sites in Tianjin, while ranging from 2,687 to 4,916 μg kg -1 in soils collected from different wastewater-irrigated sites in Beijing, was detected. In general, total PAH concentrations in soils from Beijing sites were significantly higher than those from Tianjin sites, indicating a dominant contribution from both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. Results indicated that the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in small intestinal was significantly higher (from P<0.05 to P<0.001) than gastric condition. Similarly, the oral bioaccessibility of PAHs in contaminated sites was significantly higher (from P≤0.05 to P<0.001) than in reference sites. Individual PAH ratios (three to six rings), a more accurate and reliable estimation about the emission sources, were used to distinguish the natural and anthropogenic PAH inputs in the soils. Results indicated that PAHs were both pyrogenic and petrogenic in nature. Discussion The identification of PAH sources and importance of in vitro test for PAH bioaccessibility were emphasized in this study. The oral bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in soils generally decreased with increasing ring numbers of PAHs in both the gastric and small intestinal conditions. However, the ratio of bioaccessibility of individual PAHs in gastric conditions to that in the small intestinal condition generally increased with increasing ring number...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

Khan

Cao

Lin

et al. 2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…As compared with heavy metal levels reported in literature for sludge collected from various WWTPs, our results (Table 1) are in good agreement with those found for Kavala by other authors [25,33], are comparable with findings for Kalamata [22], Komotini [23] and Crete [21] in Greece, for Spain [18,28,38], Poland [13,27] and Brasil [34,37], and are much lower than the values obtained for Greece at the largest WWTPs of Athens (Psyttalia and Metamorphosi) [33] and Thessaloniki [4], and also for China [35,36] and Thailand [7], probably due to the fact that the WWTPs in this study only receive domestic wastewater, while industrial wastes processed in other stations usually contain higher levels of heavy metals than residential wastes [39].…”

Section: Metal Levels In Greek Wwtps Sludgesupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The concentrations of heavy metals in sludge form the following descending series: Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd>Hg and, overall, this distribution pattern was similar with that found by other investigators for sludge produced in various WWTPs from different countries/regions: China [16,35,36], Rio de Janeiro, Brasil [37], Salamanca, Spain [38], and Thessaloniki, Greece [4].…”

Section: Metal Levels In Greek Wwtps Sludgesupporting

confidence: 56%

Temporal variability of sewage sludge heavy metal content from Greek wastewater treatment plants

Spanos

Ene

Patronidou

et al. 2016

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

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Abstract:The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal variations of selected heavy metals level in anaerobic fermented and dewatered sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were collected in different seasons and years from three municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Northern Greece, in Kavala (Kavala and Palio localities) and Drama (Drama locality) Prefectures. An investigation of the potential of sludge utilization in agriculture was performed, based on the comparison of average total heavy metal concentrations and of chromium species (hexavalent, trivalent) concentrations with the allowed values according to the Council Directive 86/278/EEC and Greek national legislation (Joint Cabinet Decision 80568/4225/91) guidelines. In this regard, all the investigated heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg) and chromium species Cr(VI) and Cr(III) have average concentrations (dry matter weight) well below the legislated thresholds for soil application, as following: 2.12 mg kg -1 Cd; 103.7 mg kg -1 Cr; 136.4 mg kg -1 Cu; < 0.2 mg kg -1 Hg; 29.1 mg kg -1 Ni; 62.0 mg kg -1 Pb; 1253.2 mg kg -1 Zn; 1.56 mg kg -1 Cr(VI) and 115.7 mg kg -1 Cr(III). Values of relative standard deviation (RSD) indicate a low or moderate temporal variability for domestic-related metals Zn (10.3-14.7%), Pb (27.9-44.5%) and Cu (33.5-34.2%), and high variability for the metals of mixed origin or predominantly resulted from commercial activities, such as Ni (42.4-50.7%), Cd (44.3-85.5%) and Cr (58.2-102.0%). For some elements the seasonal occurrence pattern is the same for Kavala and Palio sludge, as following: a) Cd and Cr: spring>summer>winter; b) Cu, Ni and Pb: winter>spring>summer. On average, in summer months (dry season) metal concentrations are lower than in spring and winter (wet seasons), with the exception of Zn. For Kavala and Palio the results demonstrate that the increased number of inhabitants (almost doubled) in summer time due to tourism does not influence the metal levels in sludge. Comparing the results obtained for similar spring-summerwinter sequences in 2007 and 2010/11 and for the spring season in 2007, 2008 and 2010, it can be noticed that, in general, the average heavy metal contents show an increasing tendency towards the last year. In all the measurement periods, the Palio sludge had the highest metal contents and Kavala sludge the lowest, leading to the conclusion that the WWTP operating process rather than population has a significant effect upon the heavy metal content of sludge. Cr(VI)/Cr(total) concentration ratios are higher for Kavala sludge in the majority of sampling campaigns, followed by Drama and Palio sludge. The metals which present moderate to strong positive correlation have common origin, which could be a domestic-commercial mixed source.

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“…However, any form of disposal needs to be controlled in order to protect human health and the environment, considering that sewage sludge potentially carries relatively high levels of bacteria, ascarid eggs, and a certain amount of heavy metal ions, poisonous and harmful organic pollutants, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other elements [17,18]. For example, it was found that the concentration of Zn in Wujiacun WWTP was higher than the Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used for agriculture in China [19].…”

Section: Characteristics Of Wastewater Treatment In the Pastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Past and Future Trends of Wastewater Treatment in Beijing

Zhang¹,

Chen²,

Li³

2015

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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IntroductionAs the capital of China, Beijing covers about 16,410.54 km 2 . The population in 2012 was about 20.693 million. With rapid social and economic development, the increasing amounts of wastewater have been a prime environmental issue in Beijing. Over the past several decades, Beijing has taken great efforts in wastewater treatment. With the improvement of urban wastewater treatment technology, the utilization amount of reclaimed water has been continuously increased. According to the Beijing Environment Statement of 2012, the wastewater treatment rate in Beijing was 83%, and reclaimed water consumption reached 750 million m 3 , accounting for 20% of total water consumption [1].On the other hand, Beijing is still facing a water shortage. For example, the city has been experiencing a decrease in per capita water resources from 127.8 m 3 in 2003 down to 124.3 m 3 in 2010, which is just one eighth of the national average decrease [2]. However, the annual water consumption almost remains increasing due to population rise and industrial development in Beijing. It is necessary that effective and efficient wastewater reclamation and reuse will be a water resource conservation strategies.For many developed urban areas in the world, the problems of water shortage are urgent too. Therefore, the govPol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 2 (2015) AbstractAn analysis is made on the past and future trends of wastewater treatment in Beijing. Over the past several decades, great efforts have been made by Beijing to improve the urban wastewater treatment technology, reclaim municipal wastewater, and promote water reclamation and reuse. Until now, the utilization volume of reclaimed water has been increasing continuously. Generally, there are four categories of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Beijing. And the most mainstream wastewater treatment method in Beijing is aerobic biological process, thereinto the advanced treatment methods of WWTPs, including membrane bioreactor (MBR), biological aerated filter (BAF), and chemical oxidation. However, both the existing conventional and advanced treatment processes mainly aim at the remediation of COD, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and other conventional organic pollutants. Micro pollutants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are not considered in the design of WWTPs. The treatment and disposal issues of sludge have become an important agenda item for Beijing's municipal government. In the future, the priority technologies for wastewater treatment in Beijing should have the features of high efficiency and stability, and lower energy consumption, and operational cost. Suitable small-scale technologies are necessary for rural areas. The existing wastewater treatment facilities must be strengthened and improved to reduce the micro-pollutants in wastewater.

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PCDD/F, PAH and heavy metals in the sewage sludge from six wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China

Cited by 187 publications

References 38 publications

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

Concentrations and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater-irrigated soil using in vitro gastrointestinal test

Temporal variability of sewage sludge heavy metal content from Greek wastewater treatment plants

Past and Future Trends of Wastewater Treatment in Beijing

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