PCDD/PCDF contamination of different pesticides produced in former GDR

Wilken, Michael; Neugebauer, Frank; Fabarius, Gudrun; Zeschmar-Lahl, Barbara; Jäger, Johannes

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(92)90180-y

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Analytical data for 2,4-D (0.0039-273 ng ΣPCDD/ Fs g -1 3, 4,12,13) and chlorothalonil (3.6-26 ng ΣPCDD/Fs g -1 (3)) suggest that PCDD/F concentrations in such formulations are generally lower than in pesticides that have been largely banned or severely restricted in the 1980/90s. Additionally, improvements of production technologies and practices since the 1990s are thought to have resulted in a decrease of PCDD/F impurities (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In addition to such well-known historical cases (which are mainly focused on 2,4,5-T and PCP), other pesticides reported to contain PCDD/Fs include some (i) chlorophenols (e.g., tetrachlorophenol , ) and (ii) phenoxy herbicides (e.g., 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,-D) ,,, ), as well as a few representatives of (iii) chlorinated herbicides (e.g., chloronitrofen , ), (iv), chlorinated fungicides (e.g., chlorothalonil ), and (v) organochlorines (e.g., lindane (γ-HCH) ). Analytical data for 2,4-D (0.0039−273 ng ΣPCDD/Fs g −1 ,,, ) and chlorothalonil (3.6−26 ng ΣPCDD/Fs g −1 ) suggest that PCDD/F concentrations in such formulations are generally lower than in pesticides that have been largely banned or severely restricted in the 1980/90s. Additionally, improvements of production technologies and practices since the 1990s are thought to have resulted in a decrease of PCDD/F impurities .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) Impurities in Pesticides: A Neglected Source of Contemporary Relevance

Holt

Weber

Stevenson

et al. 2010

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) may be formed during the manufacture of chlorinated pesticides, and can remain in the products as impurities. However, the contemporary release of PCDD/Fs to the environment from pesticide use is poorly understood. For this study, 27 pesticide formulations were analyzed for PCDD/Fs (n = 23 registered for use in Australia). PCDD/F impurities were present in all samples, ranging from 0.020 to 2100 ng SigmaPCDD/F g(-1) active ingredient (AI). Among current use pesticides, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) contained the highest impurity levels (up to 2000 ng SigmaPCDD/F g(-1) AI and 5.6 ng TEQ g(-1) AI). The quantity of pesticide used in Australia and associated release of PCDD/Fs was estimated for PCNB and phenoxy herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB)) using a probabilistic approach. Input parameters to model pesticide use contributed the highest proportions to the variability of the estimated PCDD/F release, and were considered to have the highest uncertainty. Preliminary estimates of PCDD/F release suggest that contaminated pesticides represent an important ongoing PCDD/F source to the Australian environment (10th-90th percentiles for PCNB = 14-42 and 2,4-D/2,4-DB = 0.35-1.6 g TEQ annum(-1)). These results may have global relevance given that many of the pesticides analyzed were imported into Australia, and are used in high volumes in other countries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) Impurities in Pesticides: A Neglected Source of Contemporary Relevance

Holt

Weber

Stevenson

et al. 2010

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…They are emitted into the environment as unwanted byproducts of anthropogenic processes. The main sources of PCDDs are the production of herbicides and pentachlorophenol (PCP), bleach processes in the pulp and paper industry, metal smelting, and the incineration of municipal and industrial waste (3)(4)(5)(6). Important nonindustrial diffuse sources are household wastewater (7), automobile exhausts (8), home heating, and combustion of landfill gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reductive Dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and Its Products by Anaerobic Mixed Cultures from Saale River Sediment

Ballerstedt

Kraus

Lechner

1997

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The capability of anaerobic bacterial consortia from different environmental sources including soils, sewage sludges, and sediment of the river Saale (Germany) to dehalogenate chlorinated dioxins was compared using 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,4-TCDD) as the model compound. The inocula were amended with mineral medium and organic acids and spiked with a high concentration (50 µM) of 1,2,3,4-TCDD to stimulate microbial dehalogenating activity. Reductive dechlorination was observed to 1,3dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,3-DCDD) as the main product and to minor amounts of the 1,2,4-and 1,2,3-trichlorodibenzop-dioxins (TrCDD) using incubations with Saale River sediment. No reaction was observed in the controls and in incubations with soils or sewage sludges. The dechlorination of 1,2,4-and 1,2,3-TrCDD was analyzed in separate subcultures. Reductive dechlorination of 1,2,4-TrCDD was a relative fast process (about 6 µM converted within 58 days) and yielded only one product (1,3-DCDD). 1,2,3-TrCDD was slowly dechlorinated to equal amounts of 1,3-and 2,3-DCDD. These observations suggest that the main dechlorination route of 1,2,3,4-TCDD to 1,3-DCDD proceeds primarily via the removal of a lateral chlorine atom with 1,2,4-TrCDD as the intermediate.

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“…The use of pesticides and other organochlorines containing PCDD/Fs (e.g., chloranil, PCP, PCBs, 2,4,5-T, chloronitrophen (CNP) [ 168 – 170 ] has led to PCDD/F contamination of the environment and livestock [ 8 , 18 , 171 , 172 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…460 kg TEQ has been released into rice fields in Japan, resulting in soil dioxin levels of 30–330 ng TEQ/kg dm [ 173 , 174 ], considerably above safe levels for raising cattle or producing milk. Some pesticides previously used in agriculture in Germany were also contaminated with PCDD/Fs, however, at lower levels [ 170 ] compared to those used in Japan [ 130 , 169 ]. A survey of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in agricultural soils in Germany shows relatively low levels [ 63 ], indicating low-PCDD/F input on agricultural land from pesticide use.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIn the past, cases of PCDD/F and PCB contamination exceeding limits in food from animal origin (eggs, meat or milk) were mainly caused by industrially produced feed. But in the last decade, exceedances of EU limit values were discovered more frequently for PCDD/Fs or dioxin-like(dl)-PCBs from free range chicken, sheep, and beef, often in the absence of any known contamination source.ResultsThe German Environment Agency initiated a project to elucidate the entry of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in food related to environmental contamination. This paper summarizes the most important findings. Food products from farm animals sensitive to dioxin/PCB exposure—suckling calves and laying hens housed outdoor—can exceed EU maximum levels at soil concentrations that have previously been considered as safe. Maximum permitted levels can already be exceeded in beef/veal when soil is contaminated around 5 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dry matter (dm). For eggs/broiler, this can occur at a concentration of PCDD/Fs in soil below 5 ng PCDD/F–PCB-TEQ/kg dm. Egg consumers—especially young children—can easily exceed health-based guidance values (TDI). The soil–chicken egg exposure pathway is probably the most sensitive route for human exposure to both dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs from soil and needs to be considered for soil guidelines. The study also found that calves from suckler cow herds are most prone to the impacts of dl-PCB contamination due to the excretion/accumulation via milk. PCB (and PCDD/F) intake for free-range cattle stems from feed and soil. Daily dl-PCB intake for suckler cow herds must in average be less than 2 ng PCB-TEQ/day. This translates to a maximum concentration in grass of 0.2 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dm which is less than 1/6 of the current EU maximum permitted level. This review compiles sources for PCDD/Fs and PCBs relevant to environmental contamination in respect to food safety. It also includes considerations on assessment of emerging POPs.ConclusionsThe major sources of PCDD/F and dl-PCB contamination of food of animal origin in Germany are (1) soils contaminated from past PCB and PCDD/F releases; (2) PCBs emitted from buildings and constructions; (3) PCBs present at farms. Impacted areas need to be assessed with respect to potential contamination of food-producing animals. Livestock management techniques can reduce exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Further research and regulatory action are needed to overcome gaps. Control and reduction measures are recommended for emission sources and new listed and emerging POPs to ensure food safety.

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PCDD/PCDF contamination of different pesticides produced in former GDR

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) Impurities in Pesticides: A Neglected Source of Contemporary Relevance

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) Impurities in Pesticides: A Neglected Source of Contemporary Relevance

Reductive Dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and Its Products by Anaerobic Mixed Cultures from Saale River Sediment

Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management

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