PCM-Based Durable Write Cache for Fast Disk I/O

Liu, Zhuo; Wang, Bin; Carpenter, Patrick; Liu, Dong; Vetter, Jeffrey S.; Yu, Weikuan

doi:10.1109/mascots.2012.57

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…There are two kinds of research that aim to adopt PCM in future computer systems. One is using PCM as a block I/O device like SSD [34], [35], and the other is placing PCM in standard DIMM (dual in-line memory module) slots to use it as a byte-addressable medium [7], [14], [15], [16], [17], [23], [24], [25], [26]. For now, most research focuses on the byte-addressable interface because PCM is sufficiently fast and block I/O interfaces require additional software stack overhead during I/O operations.…”

Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Implementation of a Journaling File System for Phase-Change Memory

Lee

Yoo

Bahn

2015

IEEE Trans. Comput.

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Journaling file systems are widely used in modern computer systems as they provide high reliability at reasonable cost. However, existing journaling file systems are not efficient for emerging PCM (phase-change memory) storage because they are optimized for hard disks. Specifically, the large amount of data that they write during journaling degrades the performance of PCM storage seriously as it has a long write latency. In this paper, we present a new journaling file system for PCM, called Shortcut-JFS, that reduces write traffic to PCM by more than half of existing journaling file systems running on block I/O interfaces. To do this, we devise two novel schemes that can be used under byte-addressable I/O interfaces: 1) differential logging that journals only the modified part of a block and 2) in-place checkpointing that eliminates the overhead of block copying. We implement Shortcut-JFS on Linux 2.6.32 and measure the performance of Shortcut-JFS compared to those of existing journaling and log-structured file systems. The results show that the performance improvement of Shortcut-JFS against Ext4 and LFS is 54 and 96 percent, respectively, on average.

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Section: System Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Implementation of a Journaling File System for Phase-Change Memory

Lee

Yoo

Bahn

2015

IEEE Trans. Comput.

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“…Zhang et al [14] proposed a server-side I/O orchestration mechanism to mitigate interference between multiple processes. Liu et al [24] researched a low level caching mechanism that optimizes the I/O pattern on hard disk drives. Different from these works, we address I/O contention issues using BB as an intermediate layer.…”

Section: I/o Contentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TRIO: Burst Buffer Based I/O Orchestration

Wang

Oral

Pritchard

et al. 2015

2015 IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing

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The growing computing power on leadership HPC systems is often accompanied by ever-escalating failure rates. Checkpointing is a common defensive mechanism used by scientific applications for failure recovery. However, directly writing the large and bursty checkpointing dataset to parallel file systems can incur significant I/O contention on storage servers. Such contention in turn degrades bandwidth utilization of storage servers and prolongs the average job I/O time of concurrent applications. Recently burst buffers have been proposed as an intermediate layer to absorb the bursty I/O traffic from compute nodes to storage backend. But an I/O orchestration mechanism is still desirable to efficiently move checkpointing data from burst buffers to storage backend. In this paper, we propose a burst buffer based I/O orchestration framework, named TRIO, to intercept and reshape the bursty writes for better sequential write traffic to storage servers. Meanwhile, TRIO coordinates the flushing orders among concurrent burst buffers to alleviate the contention on storage server. Our experimental results demonstrated that TRIO could efficiently utilize storage bandwidth and reduce the average job I/O time by 37% on average for dataintensive applications in typical checkpointing scenarios.

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“…PCRAM is the most mature technology [Research 2009]. It is used as a fast storage with small IO latency [Jantunen et al 2010;, as a cache layer between a main memory and a secondary storage [Liu et al 2012], or as disparate memory structure [Qureshi et al 2009]. STT-MRAM aims at directly replacing DRAM.…”

Section: Memory Device Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heapo

2014

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In this work, we developed a Heap-Based Persistent Object Store (HEAPO) to manage persistent objects in byte-addressable Nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM). HEAPO defines its own persistent heap layout, the persistent object format, name space organization, object sharing and protection mechanism, and undo-only log-based crash recovery, all of which are effectively tailored for NVRAM. We put our effort into developing a lightweight and flexible layer to exploit the DRAM-like access latency of NVRAM. To address this objective, we developed (i) a native management layer for NVRAM to eliminate redundancy between in-core and on-disk copies of the metadata, (ii) an expandable object format, (iii) a burst trie-based global name space with local name space caching, (iv) static address binding, and (v) minimal logging for undo-only crash recovery. We implemented HEAPO at commodity OS (Linux 2.6.32) and measured the performance. By eliminating metadata redundancy, HEAPO improved the speed of creating, attaching, and expanding an object by 1.3×, 4.5×, and 3.8×, respectively, compared to memory-mapped file-based persistent object store. Burst trie-based name space organization of HEAPO yielded 7.6× better lookup performance compared to hashed B-tree-based name space of EXT4. We modified memcachedb to use HEAPO in maintaining its search structure. For hash table update, HEAPO-based memcachedb yielded 3.4× performance improvement against original memcachedb implementation which uses mmap() over ramdisk approach to maintain the key-value store in memory.

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PCM-Based Durable Write Cache for Fast Disk I/O

Cited by 26 publications

References 18 publications

Design and Implementation of a Journaling File System for Phase-Change Memory

Design and Implementation of a Journaling File System for Phase-Change Memory

TRIO: Burst Buffer Based I/O Orchestration

Heapo

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