“…For example, some research investigated the effects on completion rates, finding that mobile respondents had significantly lower completion rates (Mavletova, 2013; Sommer, Diedenhofen, & Musch, 2017), including break-off rates for smartphones that were 2–3 times higher than for personal computers (PCs; Bosnjak et al, 2013; Poggio, Bosnjak, & Weyandt, 2015). A number of studies also studied the effects of mobile devices on response times, finding that participants on mobile devices needed longer to complete a survey (Antoun, Couper, & Conrad, 2017; Gummer & Roßmann, 2015; Revilla, Toninelli, & Ochoa, 2016; Sommer et al, 2017). Schlosser and Mays (2017) also found longer completion times for mobiles, although controlling for the type of Internet connection and hardware minimized those differences.…”