PCVs in individuals at increased risk of pneumococcal disease: a literature review

Abstract

The use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in childhood pneumococcal immunization programs successfully reduced the incidence of pneumococcal disease in children. Nonetheless, there remains a high burden of pneumococcal disease in adults, especially the elderly, and children/adults with chronic medical conditions. Two pneumococcal vaccines are currently available for adults at risk of pneumococcal disease: the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) and the more recently licensed PCV13. As it is not possible to determine vaccine efficacy in all populations at risk of pneumococcal disease, immunogenicity studies, measuring pneumococcal-specific antibody concentrations and/or the opsonophagocytic activity of serum can provide valuable comparative data for PPV and PCV immunization. This article provides consolidated data on the immunogenicity of PCVs (largely PCV7, and a few studies with PCV9 or PCV13) based on a review of immunogenicity/safety studies in populations (mainly pediatric) at increased risk of pneumococcal disease.

Potential Reduction of Mortality from Invasive Pneumococcal Infection among Children with Sickle Cell Disease in Haiti

“…These studies evaluated different regimens of either polysaccharide or conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines, and antibody titers were measured. These studies demonstrated that the administration of pneumococcal immunization prompted antibody responses in children with SCA, similar to responses seen among healthy children, and that there were no unexpected adverse events [12]. PCV13 substituted PCV7.…”

Safety and immunogenicity of a single dose 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in Russian subjects

“…Children 2 y of age and young adults with sickle cell anemia, Hodgkin disease, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, diabetes mellitus, nephrotic syndrome, as well as those with functional or anatomic asplenia, are at increased risk of developing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in comparison to healthy individuals without these conditions. [5][6][7][8][9][10] The most common PD syndromes include pneumonia (approximately 75%), bacteremia without focus (approximately 20%), and meningitis (approximately 5%). Generally, these syndromes are classified as IPD and pneumococcal pneumonia.…”

Mapping Protective Regions on a Three-Dimensional Model of the Moraxella catarrhalis Vaccine Antigen Oligopeptide Permease A

“…Antibody-mediated immune responses are important in protection against bacterial respiratory pathogens that cause OM and exacerbations of COPD, namely, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Streptococcus pneumoniae, both of which occupy the same ecological niche as M. catarrhalis (23)(24)(25)(26)(27). Therefore, although the correlate(s) of protection against M. catarrhalis has not been identified, given the parallels with NTHi and S. pneumoniae infection, antibody-mediated immune responses have been implicated as an important mediator of protection for M. catarrhalis, as well.…”