This thesis is dedicated to my parents. My mother's unwavering love and support has made the completion of this thesis possible. While my father will not have the opportunity to read this manuscript, he always encouraged my scholastic endeavors and taught me a love of learning that has followed me throughout my life. His life and scholarship will always be a source of inspiration for me. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without my advisor, Dr. Jeffrey Cunningham, who has provided guidance and mentorship throughout my graduate school experience. I am deeply grateful for his positive attitude, critical eye for detail, and continued support throughout this process. I would also like to thank Dr. James Mihelcic, who inspired me to make the transition to the field of environmental engineering, and who has provided continued support over the past two years. Lastly, I would like to thank the members of my committee for the time they invested in reviewing my work.