Pd@magnetic Carbon Dot Immobilized on the Cyclodextrin Nanosponges ‐ Biochar Hybrid as an Efficient Hydrogenation Catalyst

Abstract

With the aim of benefiting from the advantage of magnetic catalysts, chemistry of cyclodextrin, i. e. the capability of formation of inclusion complex and acting as phase transferring agent, as well as biochars as biocompatible, cost‐effective and efficient catalyst support, for the first time a ternary hybrid system composed of cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNS), palladated magnetic carbon quantum dot (Pd@CQDs@Fe) and Bell‐pepper‐derived biochar (Biochar) was designed and prepared through functionalization of CDNS and Biochar and their covalent conjugation followed by immobilization of Pd@CQDs@Fe. The hybrid system was characterized and then applied as a magnetic heterogeneous catalyst for promoting hydrogenation of nitroarenes. The results confirmed high catalytic activity, selectivity and recyclability of the catalyst (up to ten reaction runs) as well as low Pd leaching. Comparing the catalytic activity of the catalyst with some control samples, the contribution of CDNS, Biochar and CQDs@Fe to the catalysis was confirmed.

Hybrid of Graphitic Carbon Nitride and Palladated Magnetic Carbon Dot: An Efficient Catalyst for Coupling Reaction

“…After synthesis of the hybrid system, its formation was verified using various characterization techniques, including FE‐SEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, BET, TEM, EDS, TGA, ICP and VSM. It is worth noting that the characterization of both Pd/CQDs@Fe and g‐C 3 N 4 have been reported in our previous reports …”

“…In our previous study on the catalytic activity of Pd/CQDs@Fe, it was found that incorporation of Pd/CQDs@Fe on a support can improve its catalytic activity. In the following, herein, g‐C 3 N 4 as an N‐rich carbon sheet was applied as a support to immobilize Pd/CQDs@Fe.…”

“…In our study on heterogeneous hybrid catalysts, we have disclosed that the hybridization of g‐C 3 N 4 with other catalytic systems could lead to the synergistic effects and improve the catalytic activity of the final catalyst . On the other hand, it has found out that metallic nanoparticles immobilized on CQDs such as palladated magnetic CQDs showed relatively high catalytic activity . In attempt to improve the catalytic activity of palladated magnetic CQDs, herein, we report a hybrid system, g‐C 3 N 4 ‐Pd/CQDs@Fe, composed of g‐C 3 N 4 and palladated magnetic CQDs, Pd/CQDs@Fe.…”

Synthetic Application of Cyclodextrins in Combination with Metal Ions, Complexes, and Metal Particles

“…Interestingly, a mixture of βCD and Pd 0 ‐HS nt / poly (non‐modified with CD) gave only a 50 % yield in the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene. Another catalyst sample is composed of palladated magnetic carbon quantum dots (CQDs), βCD nanosponge made by cross‐linking with diphenyl carbonate, Fe 3 O 4 , and biochar derived from bell‐pepper (Pd 0 ‐βCD‐CQDs/Fe 3 O 4 /Char, 0.93 wt % loading, ∼17 m 2 g −1 surface area) [21] . The FT‐IR spectra showed the presence of both sp 3 carbons (1349 cm −1 ) and graphitic carbons (1594 cm −1 ) with a ratio of 0.84 indicating graphitic structure.…”

Char‐Supported Pd Complex of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene: A Novel Recyclable Catalyst for Coupling Reaction

“…Our previous studies on the potential of chars for catalysis demonstrated that chars prepared from various types of biomass can be applied for the catalytic purposes [43] . Additionally, they can readily form hybrid/composites [44,45] . In pursuit of those studies, herein we wish to disclose the usage of magnetic BC for supporting Pd complexes of N-heterocyclic carbenes.…”