“…Many detection methods, such as ultrasonic measurement (Yanqing et al , 2005), radio frequency (RF) (Berler et al , 2001), ultra high frequency (UHF) (Tenbohlen et al , 2008; Yaacob et al , 2014) and transient grounding voltage method (TEV) (Davies and Jones, 2008), are often used for partial discharge detection. Here, considering that the metal-enclosed power devices occupy the majority of inspection components of the IO-EIR in substations, the TEV method may be considered as one of the most suitable detection methods because it belongs to a nonelectrical contact detection method and has the characteristics of wideband, easy installation and high sensitivity (Reid et al , 2012; Smith et al , 2004; Brown, 1996; Davies et al , 2008; Prasetia et al , 2017; Malek et al , 2019). The IO-EIR in substations can accomplish partial discharge (PD) level detection via the electric push rod mechanism based on the TEV sensors (Malek et al , 2019).…”