As represented by the recent completion of human genome sequencing, the genome sequences of several species have been, or are about to be, revealed. Although all of their sequential information will eventually become available, it will provide little information related to the function of encoded proteins because we can not predict post-translational events merely from the sequence. The next challenge is therefore to elucidate the functions and physiological roles of every encoded protein that is functioning in living cells under various environmental conditions: so-called "proteomes".
1,2Several methods to analyze proteins have been invented during the history of biotechnology; particularly, biochemical analysis is a very reliable method to determine protein functions. Biochemical assay necessarily imposes limitations in realizing highthroughput biochemical analysis in production of vastly numerous proteins because the current technology of protein production is based on in vivo methods that require time and labor because of their use of bacteria. As an alternative, cellfree protein synthesis is a useful and profitable technique to overcome problems associated with in vivo methods. By introducing cell-free formats, we can control many aspects of cellular functions, which simplifies protein production, especially those of cytotoxic, unstable, and insoluble proteins. [3][4][5][6] Commercially available cell-free systems with embedded thermo-control units have been developed, e.g., the Rapid Translation System (Roche Molecular Biochemicals). However, this system is oriented to produce as much as possible efficiently; it is insufficiently optimized for high-throughput protein analysis, because it is impractical to conduct parallel operation with this system from the viewpoint of space efficiency, automatic operation, and reagent consumption in order to improve the throughput of protein production.Because researches on micro total analysis system (μ-TAS) and lab-on-a-chip have advanced, several applications have emerged at the downstream for production of small amounts of proteins. For example, chip-based capillary electrophoresis in combination with micro injector for mass spectrometer 7-11 and enormous sample preparation devices for high-throughput mass spectrometry 12 have enabled researchers to perform protein analysis with much smaller amounts than those used in conventional methods.Micro-crystallizer for X-ray crystallography and NMR analysis have also been developed for high-throughput crystallization from only small amounts of protein. 13,14 For that reason, large amounts of protein are no longer required anymore for analysis; nevertheless, a persistent problem is how to prepare many kinds of proteins. Miniaturization of a cell-free protein synthesis system has great potential to provide useful platforms to produce many kinds of proteins. Physico-chemical phenomena in micro-sized channels and reaction chambers intrinsically involve a short diffusion length, which engenders rapid thermal conduction and mixing...