PE-contaminated industrial waste ground tire rubber: How to transform a handicapped resource to a valuable one

Simon-Stőger, Lilla; Varga, Cs.

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.037

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The interaction of the maleic anhydride group (MAPE) with the hydroxyl group on the carbon black surface or carboxyl groups of RR may be responsible for interfacial interaction between rubber and compatibilizer. 44,45 It is also reported that possible reaction between zinc oxide (ZnO) as a component of RR (Table 3) with maleic anhydride (MA) during melt mixing can be responsible for the tensile strength improvement of compatibilized TPE blends. 46 The increase in RR content from 35 wt.% to 80 wt.% showed a significant decreasing trend of Young's modulus from 191.2 MPa to 32.5 MPa attributed to the substitution of the rigid thermoplastic resin with a soft rubber phase of low rigidity.…”

Section: Mechanical (Tension and Flexion) Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic elastomer: Effects of blend composition and compatibilization

Fazli

Rodrigue

2021

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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In this work, recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) was compounded with regenerated tire rubber (RR) (35–80 wt.%) and reinforced with recycled tire textile fiber (RTF) (20 wt.%) as a first step. The materials were compounded by melt extrusion, injection molded, and characterized in terms of morphological, mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. Although, replacement of the rubber phase with RTF compensated for tensile/flexural moduli losses of rHDPE/RR/RTF blends because of the more rigid nature of fibers increasing the composites stiffness, the impact strength substantially decreased. So, a new approach is proposed for impact modification by adding a blend of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE)/RR (70/30) into a fiber-reinforced rubberized composite. As in this case, a more homogeneous distribution of the fillers was observed due to better compatibility between MAPE, rHDPE, and RR. The tensile properties were improved as the elongation at break increased up to 173% because of better interfacial adhesion. Impact modification of the resulting thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) composites based on rHDPE/(RR/MAPE)/RTF was successfully performed (improved toughness by 60%) via encapsulation of the rubber phase by MAPE forming a thick/soft interphase decreasing interfacial stress concentration slowing down fracture. Finally, the thermal stability of rubberized fiber-reinforced TPE also revealed the positive effect of MAPE addition on molecular entanglements and strong bonding yielding lower weight loss, while the microstructure and crystallinity degree did not significantly change up to 60 wt.% RR/MAPE (70/30).

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Section: Mechanical (Tension and Flexion) Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic elastomer: Effects of blend composition and compatibilization

Fazli

Rodrigue

2021

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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“…Among the effective compatibility methods of compositions containing rubber wastes, mixing them with appropriately selected thermoplastic polymers, which can be referred to as physical compatibilization, should also be mentioned [24]. The solutions described in the literature-such as the use of waste polyethylene [25,26] and the incorporation of elastomers such as styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) or block copolymers [27] into multipolymer compositions-showed high efficiency, and therefore can be defined as justified from an industrial point of view.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Plastics from Cable Waste from Automotive Industry in Poland as an Approach to the Circular Economy

et al. 2021

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This paper presents the contemporary problems of polymer waste recycling, mainly recycling cables from end-of-life vehicles. The authors developed a new material based on mixed polymer waste (ASR) modified with a ductile polymer, mainly recycled low-density polyethylene (rLDPE), to produce moisture-resistant boards with beneficial mechanical properties. The ASR-based compositions without and with homogenization process—including physical, chemical, and shear-assisted compatibilization—were successfully applied and verified by evaluating final recycled product properties. The results showed that recycled polyethylene (rLDPE) was effective as a modifier increasing tensile modulus and flexural strength compare to an ASR mixture. It was found that the adding 5 wt % of polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) as a compatibilizer to the ASR mixture significantly increases the homogenization of the components in the ASR matrix. The optimal solution for management cable waste is the manufacture of ASR composites with homogenization using an internal mixer the adding 20 wt % of rLDPE and 5 wt % of PE-g-MAH to the mixed plastics cable waste. The results obtained demonstrate that the hot-pressing with the pre-blending with rLDPE and compatibilizer of the ASR based waste provides a high gain in mechanical and usage properties, enabling the circular economy of plastics from automotive cables.

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“…Since only 20–25% w/w of a tyre corresponds to natural rubber and the remaining percentage to a mixture of synthetic rubber, carbon black, antioxidants, accelerators, retardants, elemental sulphur, among other compounds ( Stevenson et al, 2008 ), cell colonisation and, consequently, biodegradation is inhibited. In addition to the highly resistant chemicals as part of the tyre, the high degree of crosslinking and the low or no reactivity of the functional groups in the tyre structure make the mixing of this residue with other materials a major challenge ( Andler, 2020 ; Simon-Stőger and Varga, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Biodegradation of Vulcanised Rubber Particles by Fungi Using Genetic, Molecular and Surface Analysis

Andler

D’Afonseca

Pino

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Millions of tonnes of tyre waste are discarded annually and are considered one of the most difficult solid wastes to recycle. A sustainable alternative for the treatment of vulcanised rubber is the use of microorganisms that can biotransform polymers and aromatic compounds and then assimilate and mineralise some of the degradation products. However, vulcanised rubber materials present great resistance to biodegradation due to the presence of highly hydrophobic cross-linked structures that are provided by the additives they contain and the vulcanisation process itself. In this work, the biodegradation capabilities of 10 fungal strains cultivated in PDA and EM solid medium were studied over a period of 4 weeks. The growth of the strains, the mass loss of the vulcanised rubber particles and the surface structure were analysed after the incubation period. With the white rot fungi Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus, biodegradation percentages of 7.5 and 6.1%, respectively, were achieved. The FTIR and SEM-EDS analyses confirmed a modification of the abundance of functional groups and elements arranged on the rubber surface, such as C, O, S, Si, and Zn, due to the biological treatment employed. The availability of genomic sequences of P. ostreatus and T. versicolor in public repositories allowed the analysis of the genetic content, genomic characteristics and specific components of both fungal species, determining some similarities between both species and their relationship with rubber biodegradation. Both fungi presented a higher number of sequences for laccases and manganese peroxidases, two extracellular enzymes responsible for many of the oxidative reactions reported in the literature. This was confirmed by measuring the laccase and peroxidase activity in cultures of T. versicolor and P. ostreatus with rubber particles, reaching between 2.8 and 3.3-times higher enzyme activity than in the absence of rubber. The integrative analysis of the results, supported by genetic and bioinformatics tools, allowed a deeper analysis of the biodegradation processes of vulcanised rubber. It is expected that this type of analysis can be used to find more efficient biotechnological solutions in the future.

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PE-contaminated industrial waste ground tire rubber: How to transform a handicapped resource to a valuable one

Cited by 18 publications

References 58 publications

Phase morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic elastomer: Effects of blend composition and compatibilization

Phase morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic elastomer: Effects of blend composition and compatibilization

Recycling of Plastics from Cable Waste from Automotive Industry in Poland as an Approach to the Circular Economy

Assessing the Biodegradation of Vulcanised Rubber Particles by Fungi Using Genetic, Molecular and Surface Analysis

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