Peace agreements with no peace: A critical review of peace agreements in the Central African Republic

Ndiyun, Robert Kosho

doi:10.1080/10246029.2022.2086477

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The latest cycle of conflict in the CAR that emerged in 2012 was not triggered by sectarianism in its early stage but by socioeconomic and political grievances. The Seleka rebellion was inspired by the motive to overthrow Bozize, whom they criticised for bad economic governance, predation of the country's resources and the failure to implement former peace agreements (Ndiyun, 2022a). According to Weyns et al ( 2014) and Kaihko & Utas (2014), religious motives did not account for the outbreak of the rebellion.…”

Section: The Genesis Of the 2012 Central African Republic's Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ceasefire agreement was broken a few weeks later, with the government blaming the Seleka. In contrast, the rebel coalition blamed the government for failing to implement the provisions of the power-sharing deal (Ndiyun, 2022a). The breach of the agreement caused the Seleka to continue with its hostilities towards the CAR capital.…”

Section: The Process Dynamics and Protraction Of The Central African ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The over 600 participants of the forum representing the various territorial units of the country, different religious bodies and political parties indicated a bold step toward national unity. However, the outright rejection by some armed groups of some of the forum's recommendations, particularly on the principles of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR), raised the fear that such a lofty initiative will end on pieces of paper like previous meetings (Ndiyun, 2022a). This article attempts to analyse the sectarian divide between the Seleka and the anti-Balaka that became a stimulus for the conflict in the CAR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analysis of Sectarian Conflict in the Central African Republic (2012–2020) from the Lens of the Protracted Social Conflict Theory

Ndiyun

2023

SSSH

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The Central African Republic has been entangled in new cycles of conflict since the upsurge of the Seleka insurgency in December 2012. Although a number of reasons account for the violent nature of the conflict and its protracted nature, sectarianism appeared to be the most glaring and leading driver of the conflict. The dominance of the Christian majority over the Muslims in every aspect of life, the questionable Central African citizenship of CAR Muslim population have led to overt discrimination against the minority Muslim population. This discrimination on religious lines adds to ethnic discrimination by various CAR leaders who offer preferential treatment to members of their ethnic groups through appointments to top government and military positions, to the detriment of the other tribes, breeding ethnic division. Applying the Protracted Social Conflict theory, this article attempts to investigate into how sectarianism contributed to the protraction of the CAR conflict from 2012–2020. The paper applies a qualitative method of analysis to investigate the sectarian roots of the 2012 conflict in the CAR. Data collection and analysis involved secondary sources in the form of books, scientific journal publications, reports and other relevant internet sources to answer the central question in the research.

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Section: The Genesis Of the 2012 Central African Republic's Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Process Dynamics and Protraction Of The Central African ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Analysis of Sectarian Conflict in the Central African Republic (2012–2020) from the Lens of the Protracted Social Conflict Theory

Ndiyun

2023

SSSH

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“…Following a series of military coups, the CAR's political arena has experienced numerous autocratic rulers (Beninga et al, 2018) (Ndiyun, 2022a). While in power, the ongoing atrocities carried out by the Muslim-led Seleka on the civilian population prompted the emergence of the Christian-dominated anti-Balaka militia, who launched reprisal attacks against the Muslim population in revenge for Seleka attacks targeting Christians.…”

Section: Revisiting Central African Republic's Violent Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 1997 and 2019, more than ten peace agreements were signed between the CAR government and rebel groups (Ndiyun, 2022a), with most of them containing blanket amnesty provisions (Close, 2020), while others provide for 'disguise' or de facto amnesty. The CAR has experimented with amnesties by adopting specific texts three times in its history in 1997, 2003 and 2008, following mutinies and coups d'état.…”

Section: The Practice Of Amnesty In the Carmentioning

confidence: 99%

The justice versus amnesty approach to resolving the protracted conflict in the Central African Republic

Ndiyun

2023

Lib. Arts Soc. Sci. Int. J.

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This study aims at the debate of promoting peace and achieving justice in conflict-prone countries. The debate’s core is whether justice should be traded for peacemaking. Whether or not, justice or peace should take precedence over each other? Proponents of peace over justice contend that pursuing justice will lead to more conflict in an already precarious situation. Their counterparts hold that durable peace cannot be achieved without justice. Eight African states, including the ‘phantom’ state of Central African Republic (CAR), have applied amnesties in resolving their conflicts. The research focuses on how amnesties and criminal trials have attained the goals of sustainable peace, deterrence and political stability in CAR. This paper views justice as an essential aspect of achieving peace, not solely in retributive terms. Amnesty is analysed from the lens of international law, which obligates states to extradite or prosecute and punish perpetrators of international crimes. The research limits its analysis to accountability for international crimes and amnesty approach through negotiated post-conflict peace agreements in CAR. The study argues that justice options provide a better opportunity for a comprehensive and durable peace in CAR than amnesty, which promotes impunity and guarantees momentary peace and subsequent relapse to conflict.

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The Special Criminal Court and the challenge of criminal accountability in the Central African Republic

Ndiyun

2023

SN Soc Sci

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States which encounter massive human rights violations usually implement various mechanisms of achieving accountability. There exists documented evidence of conflict-related international crimes in the Central African Republic (CAR). Still, the perpetrators enjoy impunity as no appropriate measures were adopted to guarantee criminal accountability. The Special Criminal Court (SCC) was established in the CAR in 2015 as a hybrid criminal accountability mechanism. This article with the aid of a qualitative method and a narrative approach aims at investigating the activities of the SCC in the fight against the culture of impunity in a country experiencing persistent human rights violations. As conflict and impunity persist in the socially and politically unstable CAR, a comprehensive synopsis of the SCC and a preliminary assessment of the court and its challenges seven years after creation constitute a domain of investigation that urgently requires a deeper investigation to halt impunity, recurrent hostilities and human rights violations. Why has impunity and violations persisted in the CAR despite the creation of the SCC? The paper identifies critical factors to the success of the SCC, based on previous experiments with hybrid courts. The outcome of this research reveal that the fragile security situation in the country and other factors significantly hinder the court’s objective of serving justice and contributing to durable peace in the CAR.

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Peace agreements with no peace: A critical review of peace agreements in the Central African Republic

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

An Analysis of Sectarian Conflict in the Central African Republic (2012–2020) from the Lens of the Protracted Social Conflict Theory

An Analysis of Sectarian Conflict in the Central African Republic (2012–2020) from the Lens of the Protracted Social Conflict Theory

The justice versus amnesty approach to resolving the protracted conflict in the Central African Republic

The Special Criminal Court and the challenge of criminal accountability in the Central African Republic

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