Peacebuilding and State Formation in Post‐Conflict Bougainville

Boege, Volker

doi:10.1080/10402650802690037

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The Bougainville conflict was complex; while it is often described as a struggle between secessionist Bougainvilleans and the Papua New Guinea Government, it was also an internal conflict between -and within -pro-and anti-secessionist Bougainvillean elements, often based on localised concerns or criminal activity (Regan 2001;Boege 2009). Both Bougainvillean and international CSOs documented the many human rights abuses committed during the crisis.…”

Section: Conflict and Reconciliation In Bougainvillementioning

confidence: 99%

The role played by reconciliation in social reconstruction in Bougainville

Wallis¹

2019

Civil Society and Transitional Justice in Asia and the Pacific

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Section: Conflict and Reconciliation In Bougainvillementioning

confidence: 99%

The role played by reconciliation in social reconstruction in Bougainville

Wallis¹

2019

Civil Society and Transitional Justice in Asia and the Pacific

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“…Armed conflict was triggered in December 1988, when the PNG Police mobile squads and later the Police Defence Force (April 1989) were deployed to the area to facilitate the re-opening of the mine [ 8 ]. The police tactics used were regarded as harsh by the indigenous people, igniting longstanding secessionist sentiments in Bougainville [ 6 , 9 ] which in turn garnered broader support for the protest group who subsequently formed the Bougainville Republican Army (BRA), leading to the initially localized conflict spreading across the province [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the period 1992–1993, the Bougainville Resistance Forces (BRF) formed in opposition to the BRA, aligning with and supported by the PNG Defence Force [ 4 , 8 ]. It has been argued that the BRF “bore the brunt of the fighting” on the PNG government side [ 2 ]. Armed conflict continued through to the commencement of the peace process in July 1997, and conflict, deaths and injuries continued [ 6 ] until February 1999, when the cease-fire agreement was signed, followed in April 2001 by the adoption of the comprehensive Bougainville Peace Agreement [ 4 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mental health and psychosocial impact of the Bougainville Crisis: a synthesis of available information

Tierney¹,

Matanu²,

Garasu³

et al. 2016

Int J Ment Health Syst

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BackgroundThe Bougainville Crisis (1988–1997) was the largest armed conflict in the Pacific since WW-II. Despite this, there has been no assessment of the Mental Health and Psychosocial (MHPS) impact of the war. The aim of this paper is to summarize the available data regarding the longer-term MHPS impact of the Bougainville Crisis.MethodsA literature review and a sequence of consultations in Bougainville were conducted to identify the MHPS impact of the Bougainville Crisis and the capacity within Bougainville to address these issues.ResultsThe Bougainville Crisis resulted in violence-related deaths; the displacement of more than half of the population; widespread human rights abuses; far-reaching societal impacts including undermining of the traditional authority of elders and women and damage to cultural values and relationships; property damage; and significant impacts on education and the economy. Conflict-related experiences continue to impact on mental health in the form of trauma-related symptoms, anger, complicated grief, alcohol and substance abuse, domestic violence including sexual assault, excessive alcohol use and a lack of engagement in purposeful activities. Other impacts include an increase in other forms of gender-based violence (including sexual assault), population displacement, and adverse trans-generational effects on children exposed to disturbed parental behaviours attributable to conflict exposure. In spite of the evident needs, there is limited capacity within Bougainville to address these pressing MHPS issues.ConclusionsThe Bougainville Crisis has had a significant MHPS impact at multiple levels in the society. There is a strong interest within Bougainville to draw on external expertise to build local capacity to address MHPS issues. Preliminary recommendations are made to assist the process of building the capacity in Bougainville to address MHPS needs.

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“…In all cases, effective migrant integration policies and spatial planning arrangements are essential. 282 It has been argued that Pacific Islanders who have emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and the United States have been able to carry and maintain their cultures in the places they have moved to, 283 and this can provide later movers with a feeling of community and identity. Nevertheless, a number of challenges and pitfalls have been identified, particularly based on the experience of the Carteret islanders: those derived from the connection between land and people (where those who move might feel the loss of the spiritual connection to their lands), the challenge of integrating host communities with those that emigrate (and the potential for conflict that derives from that) and issues relating to the provision of funding for an orderly migration and the adequate governance of this funding.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Change and Its Effects on Atoll Island States

Yamamoto¹,

Esteban

2013

Atoll Island States and International Law

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The Earth's climate is a complex system that depends on the energy received from the Sun and how this energy is distributed throughout the different layers of materials (i.e. the various levels in the atmosphere, oceans, crust) that make up the system. Part of the energy that is received from the Sun is actually reflected back into space, but much of the energy is retained through a multitude of so-called greenhouse gases, which keep the planet much warmer than what it would be without them. The IPCC 4AR stresses the role that these gases have on the temperature of the planet, and increases in their concentrations can lead to anthropogenic changes in the climate. In actual fact, humans have been exerting an influence on the local environment for a long time, as the progressive population increase throughout the ages led to the cutting of trees and cultivation of the areas previously occupied by forests. However, it is generally agreed that the rate of CO 2 emissions greatly increased since the beginning of the industrial era, which has led to an acceleration in the pace of climate change. Indeed, according to the IPCC 4AR 11 of the 12 years between 1995 and 2006 were the warmest on record, and since then new records have been reached. As a consequence of this a number of effects have been predicted, such as an increase in the pace of sea level rise due to melting of glaciers and ice caps, increases in the intensity of tropical cyclones or changes to the frequency of extreme drought and precipitation events. The present chapter will detail the impacts that scientists think these changes will have on atolls, particularly those related to sea-level rise, ocean acidification, coral mortality and increases in tropical cyclone intensity.Particularly, this warming and increased acidification of the sea could bring about great increases in coral mortality, probably the most important long-term problem affecting the survival of Atolls Island States. Although we tend to consider these coral islands as land areas, a more accurate description would be to think of them as living creatures, one gigantic colony of inter-related species, with humans living on their back. Corals are constantly providing the building materials that

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Peacebuilding and State Formation in Post‐Conflict Bougainville

Cited by 33 publications

References 2 publications

The role played by reconciliation in social reconstruction in Bougainville

The role played by reconciliation in social reconstruction in Bougainville

The mental health and psychosocial impact of the Bougainville Crisis: a synthesis of available information

Climate Change and Its Effects on Atoll Island States

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