Peak detection approaches for time-correlated single-photon counting three-dimensional lidar systems

Tolt, Gustav; Grönwall, Christina; Henriksson, Markus

doi:10.1117/1.oe.57.3.031306

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Application of Equation ( 1) smooths the histogram sequence. By searching for maximum value locations in the smoothed histogram, the depth information for a single beam can be extracted [30]. For some beams that do not irradiate onto the target or for which the signal-to-noise ratio is extremely poor, mis-extraction can also happen, but the rarely misextracted depth points in the 3D image can be quickly removed by voxel filtering [31,32].…”

Section: Data Processing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Demonstration of a Novel Long-Range Photon-Counting 3D Imaging LiDAR with 32 × 32 Transceivers

et al. 2022

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Geiger-mode single-photon LiDAR is an important tool for long-distance three-dimensional remote sensing. A planar-array-based photon counting LiDAR that uses 32-by-32 fiber arrays coupled to an optical lens as a transceiver unit was developed. Using transmitters and receivers with the same design, the proposed device easily achieves a high-precision alignment of 1024 pixels and flexible detection field-of-view design. The LiDAR uses a set of relay lenses to couple echoes from the receiving fiber arrays to the pixels of a planar-array single-photon detector, which has a resolution enhanced by a factor of four (64-by-64) relative to the fiber array to reduce cross talk from neighboring pixels. The results of field experiments demonstrate that the proposed LiDAR can reconstruct a three-dimensional image from a distance of 1600 m. Even at an acquisition time of only 40 ms, targets with an area of approximately 50% can still be identified from 200 frames. These results demonstrate the potential of the LiDAR prototype for use in instantaneous high-density point-array measurement and long-range wide-FoV 3D imaging, which can be used in remote sensing applications such as airborne surveys and mapping. In the future, we will integrate the proposed LiDAR prototype and the pose measurement system to take the aircraft-based 3D imaging remote sensing experiments.

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Section: Data Processing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Demonstration of a Novel Long-Range Photon-Counting 3D Imaging LiDAR with 32 × 32 Transceivers

et al. 2022

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“…with sub-bin precision) and the range walk error resulting from the distortion to be compensated for [28]. Techniques for peak extraction include iterative curve fitting [29], as well as filtering the LIDAR waveform (histogram) using a finite impulse response filter (FIR) matching the temporal profile of the anticipated signal peak [30]. It has been shown that even the computationally modest approach of local centroiding of the histogram (following background compensation) can result in a performance approaching the Cramér-Rao bounds that define the lowest possible variance for an unbiased estimator (see, e.g.…”

Section: B Histogram Memory and Peak Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Time-of-Flight Single-Photon Imaging

Gyöngy

Dutton

Henderson

2022

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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This paper provides a tutorial introduction to the direct Time of Flight (dToF) signal chain and typical artifacts introduced due to detector and processing electronic limitations. We outline the memory requirements of embedded histograms related to desired precision and detectability which are often the limiting factor in the array resolution. A survey of integrated CMOS dToF arrays is provided highlighting future prospects to further scaling through process optimization or smart embedded processing. Index Terms-direct time-of-flight (dTOF), light detection and ranging (LiDAR), single photon avalanche diode (SPAD), silicon photo multiplier (SiPM), CMOS Image Sensor (CIS), SPAD array, 3D ranging

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“…The bin width δ corresponds to the timing resolution of the system, and the photon count in each bin is subject to Poisson noise. A potential way to obtain the depth estimate, as encoded in the time position of the histogram peak, is via iterative curve fitting [28]. However, a simple centre-of-mass method (CMM) [29], as adopted here, leads to similar performance, while enabling real-time processing and depth visualization for an entire ToF sensor array.…”

Section: Theory (A) Inferring Distance From Time-of-flight Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel contactless technique to measure water waves using a single photon avalanche diode detector array

et al. 2021

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Commonly deployed measurement systems for water waves are intrusive and measure a limited number of parameters. This results in difficulties in inferring detailed sea state information while additionally subjecting the system to environmental loading. Optical techniques offer a non-intrusive alternative, yet documented systems suffer a range of problems related to usability and performance. Here, we present experimental data obtained from a 256 × 256 Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) detector array used to measure water waves in a laboratory facility. 12 regular wave conditions are used to assess performance. Picosecond resolution time-of-flight measurements are obtained, without the use of dye, over an area of the water surface and processed to provide surface elevation data. The SPAD detector array is installed 0.487 m above the water surface and synchronized with a pulsed laser source with a wavelength of 532 nm and mean power <1 mW. Through analysis of the experimental results, and with the aid of an optical model, we demonstrate good performance up to a limiting steepness value, ka , of 0.11. Through this preliminary proof-of-concept study, we highlight the capability for SPAD-based systems to measure water waves within a given field-of-view simultaneously, while raising potential solutions for improving performance.

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Peak detection approaches for time-correlated single-photon counting three-dimensional lidar systems

Cited by 30 publications

References 11 publications

Design and Demonstration of a Novel Long-Range Photon-Counting 3D Imaging LiDAR with 32 × 32 Transceivers

Design and Demonstration of a Novel Long-Range Photon-Counting 3D Imaging LiDAR with 32 × 32 Transceivers

Direct Time-of-Flight Single-Photon Imaging

A novel contactless technique to measure water waves using a single photon avalanche diode detector array

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