Peak oxygen uptake cut‐points to identify children at increased cardiometabolic risk – The PANIC Study

Agbaje, Andrew O; Haapala, Eero A.; Lintu, Niina; Viitasalo, Anna; Barker, Alan R.; Takken, Tim; Tompuri, Tuomo; Lindi, Virpi; Lakka, Timo A.

doi:10.1111/sms.13307

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…However, due to the multicollinearity, we excluded BF% from the model regarding WC. Finally, we included CRF together with sex and peak height velocity in further linear regression models, because increased CRF has been associated with increased HRV and decreased cardiometabolic risk factors . We also studied whether the associations of CRS and individual cardiometabolic risk factors with HRV variables were different between boys and girls by adding an interaction term for CRS and individual cardiometabolic risk factors in the linear regression models.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with heart rate variability in 6‐ to 8‐year‐old children: The PANIC Study

et al. 2019

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Background: Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with heart rate variability (HRV) in children are unclear. We examined associations of cardiometabolic risk score (CRS) and individual cardiometabolic risk factors with HRV variables in 6-to 8-year-olds. Methods:The participants were a population-based sample of 443 children participating in baseline measurements of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children trial. Cardiometabolic risk factors included waist circumference (WC), insulin, glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). CRS was calculated as WC + insulin + glucose + triglycerides − HDL cholesterol + the mean of SBP and DBP. HRV variables (SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, LF/HF, Mean RR) were measured using 5-minute electrocardiography at rest and analyzed using the Kubios HRV software. In this cross-sectional study, associations of CRS and individual cardiometabolic risk factors with HRV were investigated using linear regression analyses adjusted for sex and peak height velocity.Results: CRS was negatively associated with RMSSD, HF, Mean RR (P value < .05) and positively with LF/HF (P value = .005). Insulin was negatively associated with SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, and Mean RR (P value < .05) and positively with LF/HF (P value = .008). SBP was negatively associated with SDNN, RMSSD, HF, LF, and Mean RR (P value < .05). DBP was negatively associated with SDNN, RMSSD, and Mean RR (P value < .05). WC, glucose, triglycerides, or HDL cholesterol were not associated with HRV variables.Conclusions: Higher CRS, insulin, and blood pressure were associated with smaller HRV, mainly indicating lower parasympathetic activity, in young children. This knowledge may help improving the clinical management of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases since childhood.K E Y W O R D S autonomic nervous system, body fat, cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic profile, pediatrics

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with heart rate variability in 6‐ to 8‐year‐old children: The PANIC Study

et al. 2019

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“…Increased body fat content, but not peak oxygen uptake ( O 2peak ) determined during an incremental exercise test, has been found to be strongly related to insulin resistance (19). Therefore, the assessment of CRF using measures scaled by BM using the ratio standard method or the 20-metre shuttle run test may lead to spurious associations with insulin resistance (20,21). Allometric scaling of CRF by lean body mass (LM) has been recommended to account for variation in body size and composition among children and adolescents (19,22), but few studies have utilised this approach to explore the associations of CRF with fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentrations with adjustment for adiposity.…”

Section: A C C E P T E Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…W max /BM 1 had a strong inverse association with BM (β = -0.498, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.584 to -0.412, p < 0.001) and W max /LM 1 had a weak positive association with LM (β = 0.086, 95% CI=0.003 to 0.169, p = 0.043) indicating that ratio scaling by BM -1 or LM -1 did not completely remove the effect of body size on CRF. Therefore, allometric scaling of W max was performed by log-linear regression models (20). The scaling exponent for BM was 0.48 (95% CI = 0.39 to 0.57) and for it LM was 1.13 (95% CI = 1.01 to 1.26).…”

Section: Assessment Of Cardiorespiratory Fitnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Insulin Resistance in Children

Haapala

Wiklund

Lintu

et al. 2019

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Few studies have investigated the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body fat percentage (BF%) with insulin resistance in children. We investigated the independent and combined associations of CRF and BF% with fasting glycaemia and insulin resistance and their interactions with physical activity (PA) and sedentary time among 452 children aged 6-8 years. Methods: We assessed CRF with a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test and used allometrically scaled maximal power output (W max) for lean body mass (LM 1.13) and body mass (BM 1) as measures of CRF. BF% and LM were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, fasting glycaemia by fasting plasma glucose, and insulin resistance by fasting serum insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). PA energy expenditure (PAEE), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and sedentary time were assessed by combined movement and heart rate sensor. Results: W max /LM 1.13 was not associated with glucose (β=0.065, 95% CI=-0.031 to 0.161), insulin (β=-0.079, 95% CI=-0.172 to 0.015), or HOMA-IR (β=-0.065, 95% CI=-0.161 to 0.030). W max /BM 1 was inversely associated with insulin (β=-0.289, 95% CI=-0.377 to-0.200) and HOMA-IR (β=-0.269, 95% CI=-0.359 to-0.180). BF% was directly associated with insulin (β=0.409, 95% CI=0.325 to 0.494) and HOMA-IR (β=0.390, 95% CI=0.304 to 0.475). Higher W max /BM 1 , but not W max /LM 1.13 , was associated with lower insulin and HOMA-IR in children with higher BF%. Children with higher BF% and who had lower levels of MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. Conclusion: Children with higher BF% together with less MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. CRF

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“…We defined cardiorespiratory fitness as the maximal power output (W max ) defined as the workload at the end of the exercise test scaled by BW ‐1 and allometrically scaled W max by BW ‐0.35 , because W max /BW ‐1 had a strong inverse association with BW (β=−0.587, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.782 to −0.392, p < .001) indicating that ratio scaling by BW ‐1 was not able to remove the effect of body size on cardiorespiratory fitness. Therefore, allometric scaling of W max was performed by log‐linear regression models (Agbaje et al., 2019). The scaling exponent for BM was 0.35 (95% CI = 0.14 to 0.56).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and BMI with arterial health in middle‐aged men and women

2020

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We investigated the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), physical activity (PA) with regard to aerobic and resistance training, and body mass index (BMI) with pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) in middle‐aged adults with at least one cardiovascular risk factor. A total of 84 (46 men and 38 women) participated in the study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using a maximal graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer and was defined as maximal power output (Wmax) normalized for body weight‐0.35. Participation in aerobic and resistance training was assessed by a detailed questionnaire and BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/[height (m2)]. Pulse wave velocity and AIx were measured using an applanation tonometry before (pre), immediately after (post), and after 10 min (post10) of maximal exercise test. Cardiorespiratory fitness, PA, or BMI was not associated with PWV or AIx. Pulse wave velocity decreased significantly from pre to post10 among those in the highest third of CRF (mean difference=−0.793 m/s, 95% CI = −1.494 to −0.091, p = .023) and in normal weight participants (p = .084 for time*group interaction mean difference=−0.781 m/s, 95% CI = −1.496 to −0.066, p = .029), but not among those in the other thirds of CRF or overweight or obese participants. Participants who had regular resistance training had continuously higher AIx from pre to post10 than those who had no regular resistance training (mean difference = −1.98, 95% CI = −4.02 to 0.069, p = .058). In conclusion, exercise may decrease PWV and AIx. Our results suggest that positive arterial responses to exercise could be slightly improved in fit and normal weight individuals.

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Peak oxygen uptake cut‐points to identify children at increased cardiometabolic risk – The PANIC Study

Cited by 22 publications

References 48 publications

Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with heart rate variability in 6‐ to 8‐year‐old children: The PANIC Study

Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with heart rate variability in 6‐ to 8‐year‐old children: The PANIC Study

Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Insulin Resistance in Children

Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and BMI with arterial health in middle‐aged men and women

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