“…Many scholars argue modern notions of race in contemporary China emerged after the Opium Wars with a shift in governmental reasoning (Dikotter, ; Meissner, ; Sigley, ). During this time, they argue, nationality became equated with race and produced a construction of the Han race (90% of Chinese population) as a way to resist foreign power and influence, minimize internal divisions, legitimize Chinese sovereignty (Sigley, 1998), and foster identification with the nation state (Oakes & Schein, ).…”