Peat biomass degradation: Evidence from fungal and faunal activity in carbonized wood from the Eocene sediments of western India

Shivanna, Mahesh; Singh, Ashutosh Kumar; Singh, Bhagwan D.; Singh, Vikram P.; Matthews, Runcie Paul; Souza, Paulo Alves de

doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2016.05.004

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Fungi frequently occur in the vicinity of anatomical alterations in the wood of present-day plants, and it was likely just the same in the past. However, such co-occurrences have rarely been documented and critically evaluated in the fossil record (Harper et al 2012;Feng et al 2013;Boura et al 2013;Shivanna et al 2017;Greppi et al 2018;Khan et al 2018;Shi et al 2020), in part because it is generally difficult to determine the nature of the interrelationship, if any, that existed between an anatomical alteration and a co-occurring fungus based on fossils, which do not permit experiments and long-term observations (Harper and Krings 2021). It is, therefore, a challenging task to establish whether tylosis formation in fossils was triggered by the presence of a microbial pathogen, such as a fungus, or developed due to any other cause that had nothing to do with the presence of the pathogen.…”

Section: Tyloses and Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies present fossil examples of fungi and tyloses that co-occur in a wood, but are not in direct contact. These patterns of spatial distribution have been variously regarded as tylosis formation probably caused by the fungi (Shivanna et al 2017;Shi et al 2020), a relationship that cannot be determined (Boura et al 2013;Greppi et al 2018), or the authors state that it is unlikely that the fungi caused tylosis formation (Feng et al 2013). It should be noted that, while tyloses may form in the absence of fungi or other pathogenic causative agents, they still can later serve as a defense.…”

Section: Tyloses and Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tyloses in fossil plants: New data from a Mississippian tree, with a review of previous records

et al. 2022

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Tyloses are protoplasmic swellings of parenchyma cells into the lumen of adjacent conducting cells. They develop as part of the heartwood formation process, or in response to embolism or pathogen infection. Here, we report the oldest fossil evidence to date of tylosis formation that occurs in permineralized wood of the (pro)gymnosperm Dameria hueberi from the Tournaisian (lower Mississippian, ca. 350 Ma) of Australia. Different developmental stages of tylosis formation are recognizable that range from small bubble-like protrusions to dense tyloses entirely filling the lumen of the conducting cells. The trigger for the development of tyloses in D. hueberi remains unknown. A survey of the fossil record of tyloses shows their occurrence in most groups of vascular plants since the Carboniferous. Future research in this field will screen even older (Devonian) fossils for evidence of tyloses and aim to understand the roles these structures have had in plant-pathogen interactions and plant hydraulic properties in the past.

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Section: Tyloses and Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tyloses and Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Tyloses in fossil plants: New data from a Mississippian tree, with a review of previous records

et al. 2022

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“…3), with major distributions in the Cenozoic successions (Rana et al 2005;Aggarwal et al 2011;Raju and Mathur 2013;Paul and Dutta 2016;Shivanna and Singh 2016;Singh et al 2020). The lignite deposits of the Eocene succession have received unprecedented attention from numerous researchers (Ambwani and Singh 1996;Kar and Sharma 2001;Shukla et al 2014;Singh et al, 2017;Singh and Kumar 2018;Mathews et al 2020). As a result, the genesis, paleodepositional, climatic conditions and the petroleum generation potential of these lignite deposits were investigated based on organic and inorganic geochemistry analyses together with microscopic observations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Kapurdi mine, the Cenozoic succession consists of siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate, fullers' earth, bentonite, bituminite shale, and lignite (Mukherjee et al 1992;Shivanna et al 2017). The entire bituminite shales were obtained from the parting present within the lignite deposits of the Early Eocene succession (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemistry and organic petrology of the bituminite shales from the Kapurdi mine, Rajasthan of NW India: implications for waxy oil generation potential

Hakimi

Kumar

Singh

et al. 2022

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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This study examines the geochemical and petrographic characteristics of seven bituminite shales from the Kapurdi mine in the Rajasthan, NW India, in order to assess their organic matter inputs and evaluate the oil-prone potentials. These bituminite shale samples exhibit high total organic carbon (TOC) content (up to 45.11 wt.%). The high TOC contents were correlated with low total sulfur content of less than 1 wt.% and suggest that these bituminite shales were deposited in a fresh lacustrine environment. The dominance of such lacustrine environmental setting was confirmed by the presence of the Botryococcus algae. The analyzed bituminite shales are characterized by a bimodal distribution of normal alkanes and relatively low isoprenoid Pr/Ph, Pr/n-C17 and Ph/n-C18 ratios. These characteristics suggest that these bituminite shales contain a blend of organic matter that was derived primarily from algal lacustrine and other aquatic organic matter, with terrigenous land plants and deposited under suboxic to anoxic environmental conditions. Such findings of the organic matter (OM) input and environmental conditions are consistent with mainly Types I and II kerogen and small amounts of Type II/III kerogen, thus yielding both oil and gas prone to higher concentrations of oil generation potential. The dominance of hydrogen-rich kerogen and oil generation potential is in agreement with the findings of high hydrogen index (HI = 240–425 mg HC/g TOC) and H/C atomic ratio of more than 1.20. The abundance of n-alkene and n-alkane doublets in the pyrolysis–gas chromatography (Py–GC) also indicates that these bituminite shales have potential to generate high concentrations of paraffinic waxy oil. Most of the maturity indicators show that the bituminite shales from the Kapurdi mine have not yet entered the main stage of oil generation window, exhibiting a range of immature stages. Therefore, as highlighted in this study, these bituminite shales can be considered as a good candidate for oil shale reoterting processes to release commercial amounts of oil upon using artificial heating techniques such as hydrothermal conversion.

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Modifications of hemp twine for use as a fiber in cement composite: effects of hybrid treatments

Lawan

Zhang

et al. 2018

Cellulose

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Peat biomass degradation: Evidence from fungal and faunal activity in carbonized wood from the Eocene sediments of western India

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

Tyloses in fossil plants: New data from a Mississippian tree, with a review of previous records

Tyloses in fossil plants: New data from a Mississippian tree, with a review of previous records

Geochemistry and organic petrology of the bituminite shales from the Kapurdi mine, Rajasthan of NW India: implications for waxy oil generation potential

Modifications of hemp twine for use as a fiber in cement composite: effects of hybrid treatments

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