Pectenotoxins

Burgess, Vanessa; Shaw, Glendon Reginald

doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00058-7

Cited by 65 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…DsT associated with blooms of D. caudata , often accompanying other toxic species of Dinophysis , have been reported from southern Europe (Adriatic Sea [134], Black Sea [135], Northwestern Spain [136]), Morocco, Northwestern Africa [137], Western North America (Baja California, Mexico [138], Gulf of Mexico [139], Atlantic coasts of South America (Uruguay [113], Argentina [114]), Southeast Asia (Japan [140], South China Sea [141], Singapore [142]), India [143], and Southeastern Australia [9]. In most cases it has been difficult to evaluate the contribution of D. caudata to shellfish contamination.…”

Section: Toxin-containing Species Of Dinophysis/phalacroma: Toxin mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A human poisoning event in 2000, in New South Wales, Australia, during a dense bloom of D. caudata accompanied by high levels of PTX2 and, above all, PTX2-SA in clams, was initially associated with this species [9]. Nevertheless, later results showed the presence of OA derivatives, from a preceding bloom of D. acuminata , in the shellfish extracts.…”

Section: Toxin-containing Species Of Dinophysis/phalacroma: Toxin mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The largest outbreak affected 102 people in New South Wales (NSW) in December, 1997 [255]. A second outbreak, again in NSW, affected 20 individuals in March, 1998 [256], and a third, in March, 2000, affected only one individual in Queensland [9]. These human poisonings were initially attributed to PTXs associated with blooms of D. caudata , because high concentrations of PTX2 seco acid (PTX2-SA) were detected in the shellfish [9].…”

Section: Worldwide Distribution Of Dst Reports Associated With Dinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second outbreak, again in NSW, affected 20 individuals in March, 1998 [256], and a third, in March, 2000, affected only one individual in Queensland [9]. These human poisonings were initially attributed to PTXs associated with blooms of D. caudata , because high concentrations of PTX2 seco acid (PTX2-SA) were detected in the shellfish [9]. PTX2-SA is a product of the metabolization of PTXs by shellfish [4] and may also appear as a degradation product in poorly handled plankton extracts.…”

Section: Worldwide Distribution Of Dst Reports Associated With Dinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These compounds are also involved in tumor promotion [8]. Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are non-diarrhoegenic cyclic polyether lactones, which differ structurally from each other, mainly due to: (i) the different degrees of oxidation at C43, which is attached to C18, from methyl to carboxylic acid; (ii) the arrangement or epimerisation of the spiroketal ring system in rings A and B; and (iii) the opening of the large lactone ring in C1–C33 [9,10] (Figure 1B). A detailed description of all reported OAs and PTXs analogs can be found in Domínguez et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish

et al. 2014

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Several Dinophysis species produce diarrhoetic toxins (okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) and pectenotoxins, and cause gastointestinal illness, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), even at low cell densities (<103 cells·L−1). They are the main threat, in terms of days of harvesting bans, to aquaculture in Northern Japan, Chile, and Europe. Toxicity and toxin profiles are very variable, more between strains than species. The distribution of DSP events mirrors that of shellfish production areas that have implemented toxin regulations, otherwise misinterpreted as bacterial or viral contamination. Field observations and laboratory experiments have shown that most of the toxins produced by Dinophysis are released into the medium, raising questions about the ecological role of extracelular toxins and their potential uptake by shellfish. Shellfish contamination results from a complex balance between food selection, adsorption, species-specific enzymatic transformations, and allometric processes. Highest risk areas are those combining Dinophysis strains with high cell content of okadaates, aquaculture with predominance of mytilids (good accumulators of toxins), and consumers who frequently include mussels in their diet. Regions including pectenotoxins in their regulated phycotoxins will suffer from much longer harvesting bans and from disloyal competition with production areas where these toxins have been deregulated.

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