Pectic Methyl and Nonmethyl Esters in Potato Cell Walls

MacKinnon, I M; Jardine, W G; O’Kennedy, Niamh; Renard, Catherine M.G.C.; Jarvis, Michael C.

doi:10.1021/jf010597h

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Since the endo-PG requires three to four contiguous unesterified residues, the blocks of esterified GalU might not be 100% esterified. Previous studies have quantitated the methyl or acetyl groups on isolated PGA, for example from potato tubers, giving an estimate of nearly 60% GalU that is esterified (MacKinnon et al 2002). Here, we were able blockwise-esterified PGA at 60-80% of the PGA, using crude CWM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic fingerprinting of Arabidopsis pectic polysaccharides using polysaccharide analysis by carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE)

Barton

Tailford

Welchman

et al. 2005

Planta

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Plant cell wall polysaccharides vary in quantity and structure between different organs and during development. However, quantitative analysis of individual polysaccharides remains challenging, and relatively little is known about any such variation in polysaccharides in organs of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We have analysed plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides using polysaccharide analysis by carbohydrate gel electrophoresis. By highly specific enzymatic digestion of a polysaccharide in a cell wall preparation, a unique fingerprint of short oligosaccharides was produced. These oligosaccharides gave quantitative and structural information on the original polysaccharide chain. We analysed enzyme-accessible polygalacturonan (PGA), linear beta(1,4) galactan and linear alpha(1,5) arabinan in several organs of Arabidopsis: roots, young leaves, old leaves, lower and upper inflorescence stems, seeds and callus. We found that this PGA constitutes a high proportion of cell wall material (CWM), up to 15% depending on the organ. In all organs, between 60 and 80% of the PGA was highly esterified in a blockwise fashion, and surprisingly, dispersely esterified PGA was hardly detected. We found enzyme-accessible linear galactan and arabinan are both present as a minor polysaccharide in all the organs. The amount of galactan ranged from ~0.04 to 0.25% of CWM, and linear arabinan constituted between 0.015 and 0.1%. Higher levels of galactan correlated with expanding tissues, supporting the hypothesis that this polysaccharide is involved in wall extension. We show by analysis of mur4 that the methods and results presented here also provide a basis for studies of pectic polysaccharides in Arabidopsis mutants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic fingerprinting of Arabidopsis pectic polysaccharides using polysaccharide analysis by carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE)

Barton

Tailford

Welchman

et al. 2005

Planta

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“…Note the structural similarity between O-acetyl- and methyl ester-groups that decorate carboxylic acid residues in polygalacturonic acid. (B) Occurrence of O- acetyl groups in cell wall matrix polysaccharides (Voragen et al, 1986; Pauly and Scheller, 2000; MacKinnon et al, 2002; Teleman et al, 2002; Glushka et al, 2003; O’Neill et al, 2004; Ralet et al, 2005). …”

Section: Occurrence Of O-acetylation In Lignocellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

Acetylation of woody lignocellulose: significance and regulation

Pawar¹,

Koutaniemi²,

Tenkanen³

et al. 2013

Front. Plant Sci.

155

111

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Non-cellulosic cell wall polysaccharides constitute approximately one quarter of usable biomass for human exploitation. In contrast to cellulose, these components are usually substituted by O-acetyl groups, which affect their properties and interactions with other polymers, thus affecting their solubility and extractability. However, details of these interactions are still largely obscure. Moreover, polysaccharide hydrolysis to constituent monosaccharides is hampered by the presence of O-acetyl groups, necessitating either enzymatic (esterase) or chemical de-acetylation, increasing the costs and chemical consumption. Reduction of polysaccharide acetyl content in planta is a way to modify lignocellulose toward improved saccharification. In this review we: (1) summarize literature on lignocellulose acetylation in different tree species, (2) present data and current hypotheses concerning the role of O-acetylation in determining woody lignocellulose properties, (3) describe plant proteins involved in lignocellulose O-acetylation, (4) give examples of microbial enzymes capable to de-acetylate lignocellulose, and (5) discuss prospects for exploiting these enzymes in planta to modify xylan acetylation.

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“…Plant cell wall matrix polysaccharides are typically O-acetylated (Gille and Pauly, 2012;Pawar et al, 2013). Homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) are acetylated at the O-2 and/or O-3 positions of galacturonic acid (Ishii, 1997;MacKinnon et al, 2002), and RG-I is also acetylated at the O-3 sites of rhamnosyl residues (Voragen et al, 2009). Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) has an acetylation at 2-O-Me-Fuc side chain (Gille and Pauly, 2012;Glushka et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of fungal acetyl xylan esterase in Arabidopsis thaliana improves saccharification of stem lignocellulose

Pawar

Derba‐Maceluch

Chong

et al. 2015

Plant Biotechnology Journal

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SummaryCell wall hemicelluloses and pectins are O-acetylated at specific positions, but the significance of these substitutions is poorly understood. Using a transgenic approach, we investigated how reducing the extent of O-acetylation in xylan affects cell wall chemistry, plant performance and the recalcitrance of lignocellulose to saccharification. The Aspergillus niger acetyl xylan esterase AnAXE1 was expressed in Arabidopsis under the control of either the constitutively expressed 35S CAMV promoter or a woody-tissue-specific GT43B aspen promoter, and the protein was targeted to the apoplast by its native signal peptide, resulting in elevated acetyl esterase activity in soluble and wall-bound protein extracts and reduced xylan acetylation. No significant alterations in cell wall composition were observed in the transgenic lines, but their xylans were more easily digested by a b-1,4-endoxylanase, and more readily extracted by hot water, acids or alkali. Enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose after hot water and alkali pretreatments produced up to 20% more reducing sugars in several lines. Fermentation by Trametes versicolor of tissue hydrolysates from the line with a 30% reduction in acetyl content yielded~70% more ethanol compared with wild type. Plants expressing 35S:AnAXE1 and pGT43B:AnAXE1 developed normally and showed increased resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, probably due to constitutive activation of defence pathways. However, unintended changes in xyloglucan and pectin acetylation were only observed in 35S:AnAXE1-expressing plants. This study demonstrates that postsynthetic xylan deacetylation in woody tissues is a promising strategy for optimizing lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production.

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Pectic Methyl and Nonmethyl Esters in Potato Cell Walls

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

Enzymatic fingerprinting of Arabidopsis pectic polysaccharides using polysaccharide analysis by carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE)

Enzymatic fingerprinting of Arabidopsis pectic polysaccharides using polysaccharide analysis by carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE)

Acetylation of woody lignocellulose: significance and regulation

Expression of fungal acetyl xylan esterase in Arabidopsis thaliana improves saccharification of stem lignocellulose

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