Pectoralis minor syndrome

Abstract

Pectoralis minor syndrome (PMS) is defined as compression of the brachial plexus (BP) nerves, axillary artery, and axillary vein under the pectoralis minor muscle. The symptoms of PMS resemble supraclavicular compression of the neurovascular bundle, with shoulder, neck, chest, and arm pain, and paresthesia and weakness in the arm and hand. The diagnosis of PMS can be confused with other upper extremity pain syndromes. A detailed history, including occupation, daily activities, sports, and trauma, is critical in the diagnosis, together with physical examination findings. Radiological examinations, including direct radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and electrophysiological tests, are also helpful for the differential diagnosis. Arterial and venous Doppler ultrasound, including dynamic investigation, can display arterial and venous compression. Injection tests are used to confirm the definitive diagnosis. Conservative treatment is successful in most patients, and surgical treatment is considered in unresponsive cases.

Reply on the article: “Dry-needling with blinded technique in pectoralis minor syndrome’’

“…We carefully read the comments of Dede et al[ 1 ] regarding our review with great interest. [ 2 ] We are not in agreement with the authors’ views encouraging blind injections to pectoralis minor (PM) and scalene muscles overlying the thorax and major neurovascular structures, respectively, when the discussions on blind injections being ethical are continuing. [ 3 ]…”

Ideal Injection Points for Botulinum Neurotoxin for Pectoralis Minor Syndrome: A Cadaveric Study

“…Another study has recommended the pincer palpation technique as a method to stimulate the muscle [26]. In contrast, most studies on the treatment and diagnosis of PMS using botulinum toxin have utilized ultrasound-guided injection methods [7,14,27]. This prevalent choice may be due to the limitations inherent in the aforementioned blind injection techniques, such as complications and a lack of detailed guidance.…”

Dry needling with blinded technique in pectoralis minor syndrome

“…We have carefully read your article titled “Pectoralis minor syndrome”. [ 1 ] It was impressive that you mentioned myofascial pain syndrome in etiological reasons in your article. In particular, trigger point of the pectoralis minor and scalene muscles may cause this problem.…”