Pedestrian Decision-Making Responses to External Human-Machine Interface Designs for Autonomous Vehicles

Burns, Christopher; Oliveira, Luis; Thomas, Peter J.; Iyer, Sumeet; Birrell, Stewart A.

doi:10.1109/ivs.2019.8814030

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Besides, field tests with one pedestrian and one AV in test facilities were rated as not realistic, and due to weather conditions, messages, or symbols on the eHMI can not be recognized [15]. Field tests with real functioning prototypes of level 4 AVs are more promising, but seem to be not yet safe enough to let subjects walk in between them [14] or the state regulations do not allow testing in public roads [38]. This exacerbates comparisons of field tests with VR-tests.…”

Section: B Decision Times Of Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Displaying the Driving State of Automated Vehicles to Other Road Users: An International, Virtual Reality-Based Study as a First Step for the Harmonized Regulations of Novel Signaling Devices

Singer

Kobbert

Zandi

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst.

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Additional signaling devices for highly automated vehicles (AVs) that can communicate their driving state to other road users can simplify the integration process in existing road traffic. This paper presents the results of an international, virtual reality-based study conducted in China, South Korea and the USA in which subjects assume the role of a pedestrian and are placed in direct encounter situations with an AV in a parking lot. A novel communication interface consisting of three displays is attached to the AV's front and used to show additional information about its driving state. In total, three encounter scenarios are investigated: the AV approaches from the left, front and right outside of the pedestrian's line of sight. The influence of different symbol types on the subject's moving behavior, recognition of intention and perceived safety is investigated. The results show that additional signals ensure a better perception of the AV's intention and increase the perceived safety. The moving behavior of subjects is significantly changed when additional signals are used during driving tasks compared to the same tasks without such signals. The change of moving behaviour is similar in encounter situations where the AV approaches from the left and front but differs in encounter situations from the right. These results could equally be proven for all nationalities, which shows that a uniform, international solution for additional signaling devices of highly automated vehicles is possible.

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Section: B Decision Times Of Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Displaying the Driving State of Automated Vehicles to Other Road Users: An International, Virtual Reality-Based Study as a First Step for the Harmonized Regulations of Novel Signaling Devices

Singer

Kobbert

Zandi

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Another recent example tested projections on the floor to improve communication from the vehicle during ambiguous traffic situations [48].…”

Section: Avs Vs Pedestriansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving Style: How Should an Automated Vehicle Behave?

et al. 2019

Self Cite

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This article reports on a study to investigate how the driving behaviour of autonomous vehicles influences trust and acceptance. Two different designs were presented to two groups of participants (n = 22/21), using actual autonomously driving vehicles. The first was a vehicle programmed to drive similarly to a human, “peeking” when approaching road junctions as if it was looking before proceeding. The second design had a vehicle programmed to convey the impression that it was communicating with other vehicles and infrastructure and “knew” if the junction was clear so could proceed without ever stopping or slowing down. Results showed non-significant differences in trust between the two vehicle behaviours. However, there were significant increases in trust scores overall for both designs as the trials progressed. Post-interaction interviews indicated that there were pros and cons for both driving styles, and participants suggested which aspects of the driving styles could be improved. This paper presents user information recommendations for the design and programming of driving systems for autonomous vehicles, with the aim of improving their users’ trust and acceptance.

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“…A way pursued to cope with these limitations consists in projecting visual indications on the road. For instance, the prototype interface in [23] projects a pattern of parallel lines in front of the vehicle. Lines are perpendicular to the driving direction, and get closer/farther when the vehicle is decelerating/accelerating.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among projection-based interfaces [11], [12], [23], the concept originally presented in [12] was considered (later named "Projection", P). To foster comparability of results, the implementation in [11] was used ( Fig.…”

Section: B Interface Selection and Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing State-of-the-Art and Emerging Augmented Reality Interfaces for Autonomous Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication

Pratticò

Lamberti

Cannavò

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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Providing pedestrians and other vulnerable road users with a clear indication about a fully autonomous vehicle status and intentions is crucial to make them coexist. In the last few years, a variety of external interfaces have been proposed, leveraging different paradigms and technologies including vehicle-mounted devices (like LED panels), shortrange on-road projections, and road infrastructure interfaces (e.g., special asphalts with embedded displays). These designs were experimented in different settings, using mockups, specially prepared vehicles, or virtual environments, with heterogeneous evaluation metrics. Promising interfaces based on Augmented Reality (AR) have been proposed too, but their usability and effectiveness have not been tested yet. This paper aims to complement such body of literature by presenting a comparison of stateof-the-art interfaces and new designs under common conditions. To this aim, an immersive Virtual Reality-based simulation was developed, recreating a well-known scenario represented by pedestrians crossing in urban environments under non-regulated conditions. A user study was then performed to investigate the various dimensions of vehicle-to-pedestrian interaction leveraging objective and subjective metrics. Even though no interface clearly stood out over all the considered dimensions, one of the AR designs achieved state-of-the-art results in terms of safety and trust, at the cost of higher cognitive effort and lower intuitiveness compared to LED panels showing anthropomorphic features. Together with rankings on the various dimensions, indications about advantages and drawbacks of the various alternatives that emerged from this study could provide important information for next developments in the field. Index Terms-Fully autonomous vehicles, human-machine interaction, virtual reality, augmented reality, vehicle-to-pedestrian communication, pedestrian crossing. I. INTRODUCTION A DVANCEMENTS in the field of automation are continuous, and promise to revolutionize most of everyone's activities. Autonomous vehicles, in particular, will play a key role in this ongoing revolution. While in the early 2010's autonomous vehicles were still regarded as visionary by almost all car manufacturers, today this sector has changed into a

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Pedestrian Decision-Making Responses to External Human-Machine Interface Designs for Autonomous Vehicles

Cited by 30 publications

References 18 publications

Displaying the Driving State of Automated Vehicles to Other Road Users: An International, Virtual Reality-Based Study as a First Step for the Harmonized Regulations of Novel Signaling Devices

Displaying the Driving State of Automated Vehicles to Other Road Users: An International, Virtual Reality-Based Study as a First Step for the Harmonized Regulations of Novel Signaling Devices

Driving Style: How Should an Automated Vehicle Behave?

Comparing State-of-the-Art and Emerging Augmented Reality Interfaces for Autonomous Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication

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